Cognitive Psychology (Fach) / Chapter 2 (Lektion)

Perception

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• Who said " We see things not as they are but as we are " ? Kant
• What are Looked but failed to see accidents ? A person claims to have looked but failed to see something like another car or a police car. Often that ends in accidents.
• What is the reason for many looked but failed to see accidents ? Failure of sensation
• How is sensation responsable for looked but failed to see accidents ? The drivers senses simply do not register the object they crash into.
• What is the term used to describe how easy or hard an item can be detected by the senses ? Sensory conspicuity
• What does sensory conspicuity refer to ? It describes how easily an item can be detected due to colour, shape, brightness or noise produced. All of those features help to catch the senses.
• What is the difference between sensory conspicuity and attention conspicuity ? Sensory conspicuity refers to how easy for the senses it is to catch that object. It refers to the intrinsic properties of an object.  However, that may not be enough to conciously perceive an object. ( Much information that we sense, is not attended to). Attentional conspicuity is more likely to be influenced by aspects of the individual doing the observing ( previous experience, expectations etc.)
• What does sensory conspicuity rely on ? bottom up processing
• What does attention conspicuity rely on ? Top- down processing
• Which is more influenced by the individual doing something ? A ) Sensory conspicuity B) attention conspicuity Attention conspicuity refers to the fact that is it not enough for an individual to sense something; he or she also must attend to the information. That happens through personal experience and expecations. Therefore, in this case the individual plays a great role in attending or not attending the information, based on the past.
• What is the german word for conspicuicy ? Auffälligkeit
• Which two types of conspicuities are there ? Sensory conspicuity and attention conspicuity.
• Why are police cars sometimes hit ? Because even if they have high sensory conspicuity they may have low attention conspicuity for some individuals.
• What does the constructivist theory deal with ? It tried to explain why stored knowledge has such a big impact on our perception
• Explain the name of constructivist theory . The theory assumes that sensory information are incomplete and we have to do a few "constructions" to fill in the missing gaps. Those gaps are filled with our excisting knowledge.  
• When things in perception go wrong, what usually is to blame? The wrong use of previous aquired knowledge.
• According to the constructivist approach, why do we make so much use of our knowledge? Because the sensory information are very little and we have to fill in the gaps.
• How many ways are there that limit the incoming information ? A) 2 B) 4 C) 50. 0000000 A)  
• MOTIVATIOOOOOOOOOOOOON = cum laude
• How is incoming information limited ? 1) LImited cognitive resources 2) Senses may not provide picture in the first place ( e.g. much information coming into the eye besides the fovea is very inacurate)
• Hypothesis testing is important in which approach ? Constructivist approach.
• Why is hypothesis testing important in the constructivist approach ? Because the theory assumes that sensory input is not sufficient. Therefore, we set up some theories and check in the sensory input to retain or reject our hypotheses.
• What does "masking" mean? Masking means changing one stimulus rapidly for another.
• What is the effect of masking? Because one stimulus is quickly changed into another, the processing of the first stimulus is interrupted. A second stimulus can prevent recognition of an earlier stimulus if the mask follows very soon after presentation of the stimulus.
• Masking workds because it disrups re-entrant processing. What does that mean ? Re-entrant processing is a term used to describe that communication between two brain ares always go into two directions in the brain.
• For which theory is masking evidence? constructivist approach
• "Perception for action" describes which approach? The Gibsonian view of perception.
• What is Gibsons view on perception? Was concerned with what perception is for. He argued that perception should be considered in terms of how it allows us to interact with the world we live in.
• Do the constructist and Gibsorian approaches conflict with each other or not ? ( Think about it first) They do conflict with each other because the constructist says that we heavily rely on our memory wheras the Gibsorian approach sais that that is not necessary at all.
• Does the Gibsonian approach use the top down or bottom up approach? The bottom up. We see objects and use them without relying on our memory storage or knowledge.
• Which theory is right ? The constructivist approach or the Gregorian approach? Both are important in perception.
• How are the Gregorian and constructivist approach combined? Explanation is given by the structure of the visual system. Specifically by the dorsal and ventral stream.
• Ventral stream leads to .... Dorsal steam leads to ..... ....inferotemporal cortex ..... parietal cortex
• The vental stream - "What" pathway / "What is it?" - Temporal cortex - Recognition and identification of visual input - Better at processing fine details - knowledge based stored information - Slow - More concious perception - object centered
• Which is the "Where" System ? The dorsal pathway
• What does the dual process approach say ? Dorsal and ventral stream act synergistically (together), with the dorsal stream concerned with perception of action and ventral stream with perception of recognition.
• Dorsal stream = Gibsonian (perception for action ) Ventral stream= .... constructivist
• How do the ventral and dorsal stream work together ? The ventral stream allows us to use stored knowledge to maintain a sharp and clear picture of the world where the dorsal stream signals us some part of visual changes. " Just as the ventral stream appears to be ideally suited for recognizing objects, so the dorsal stream appears to be well suited to detecting change in the visual world"
• What are dorsal and ventral streams roles ? The dorsal stream detects chance in the environment and the ventral stream tells you what and how something has changed.
• What is the function of our auditory system? To detect sounds resulting from changes in the environment and to give some indication where those sounds are occuring.
• What does "binaural" mean ? Beide Ohren betreffend
• What are the three coordinate systems that is auditory localisation usually described by ? 1)Azimuth 2) Elevation 3) Distance coordinate
• Interaural intensity differences are mainly due to what effect ? Shadowing effect. The head is in the way of the sound wave to one ear :/
• Which waves are uneffected by the shadowing effect? Long wave length ( low frequency sounds) are unaffected by the head.
• What does distance coordinate mean? How far a sound source is away from the listener.
• What are the four mechanism of how we judge distance from a sound source (Distance coodinate)? 1) Sound level 2) Frequency 3) Motion parallax 4) Reflection ( direct sound, indirect sound)
• Through which three mechanisms does auditory localisation happen ? Azimuth, elevation and distance coordinate.
• Auditory localisation performance is improved if an auditory stimulusis accompanied with a meaningful ( congruent visual cue). What happens if the visual cue is incongruent? Mismatched visual cue is worse than no cue.
• What is timbre? In music, timbre is the quality of a musical note or sound or tone that distinguishes different types of sound production.
• Why do we use auditory grouping? To direct our auditory attention.

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