Cognitive Psychology (Fach) / Chapter 2 (Lektion)

Perception

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• How do we direct our auditory attention? By making use of auditory grouping
• What are the three elements that we use to group the auditory input we perceive? Location, similarity and temporal proximity.
• What do location, similarity of timbre and temporal proximity mean? Location: Sounds from one source usually come from the same point in space Similarity of timbre: The same source makes the same noice Temporal proximity: Sounds that appear together come from the same source.
• What else is from great importance concerning auditory perception? We have to focus our attention on the incoming information in order to synthezise it into a meaningful pattern.
• Is top down influence also important in auditory perception? yes
• What does " phantom word illusion" mean? That is when we thing we have heart a word that is actually just on our mind
• How is it possible that the same stimulus elicts different responses in different humans Because both the stimulus and the listener have to be considered. 1) Every individual will hear the message differently because of spacial differences 2) Mental model is different among persons 3) [Sometimes sensory overload plays a role] 4) [Confusion is sometimes a problem]
• Just because a stimulus is above threshold and capable of being heard does not mean that the listener will attend to the stimulus or that the information content can be extracted or assimilated into a meaningful percept ready for action. Why not? Because we also have to consider individual differences in the perception of the messages.
• "Listens but failed to hear" is similar to which related problem in visual perception? Looked but failed to see.
• What is underlined in the theories of auditory perception about stimuli? A) Everything is static B) Everything is dynamic Everything is quite dynamic. Therefore hearing always indicates us changes in the environment. At the same time, the individual who perceives the sound may also be moving around.
• What is haptic perception? Als haptische Wahrnehmung (griech.: haptόs „fühlbar“, haptikόs „zum Berühren geeignet“) bezeichnet man das aktive Erfühlen von Größe, Konturen, Oberflächentextur, Gewicht usw. eines Objekts durch Integration aller Hautsinne und der Tiefensensibilität   Die Sinne der haptischen Wahrnehmung beim Menschen sind: taktile Wahrnehmung (Bestandteil der Oberflächensensibilität), kinästhetische Wahrnehmung/Propriozeption (Tiefensensibilität), Temperaturwahrnehmung und Schmerzwahrnehmung (Nozizeption). Bei der haptischen Wahrnehmung ist der Motorkortex immer aktiv; sie steht damit im Gegensatz zur Wahrnehmung passiver Reizeinwirkungen, wie berührt werden. Lederman & Klatzky (1987) haben die folgenden Erkundungsprozeduren (exploratory procedures) identifiziert: Überstreichen der Oberfläche (lateral motion) Drücken (pressure) Umfassen (enclosure) Konturen nachfahren (contour following)
• According to the book the 5 senses are not enough to catch all the different sensation that we can experience. They suggest [....] as a solution. Haptic perception
• Which two broad categories of senses are there? Internal and external senses.
• What is meant by internal senses? These are the senses concerned with the state of the internal body ( warmth, cold, hungry)
• What do external senses do? They provide us with information from the external world. In contrast with information about our own body.
• What is the sense of proprioception? That is the sense that keeps track of the position of our body.
• What is the name of the sense that keeps track of the position of our body? Proprioception.
• What is the sense of kinestehsis? That sense allows us to distinguish how our body and limbs are moving and is key element in such things as hand eye movement.
• The complex interplay of lets say hand eye movement is determined by which sense ? Kinesthesis
• What is the difference between proprioception and kinesthesis? Proprioception only tells us the position of our body and body limps. Kinethesis has also do to with motion it helps us to tell how our body and the limbs are moving.
• Kinesthesis is the perception of the body compared to the environment and proprioception is means the perception of our body parts in relation to other body parts. True or not ? True.
• We can sense where our body is without seeing the body parts. Through which two mechanisms is that possible? Proprioception and kinethesis
• Haptic perception is produced by what? Proprioception and kinethesis.
• Is haptic information produced by bottom-up or top- down processing? Both.
• Is the Müller Lyer illusion an example for top-down or bottom- up reasoning? Top-down reasoning, as we use excisting knowledge to draw conlclusions.
• How are illusions used to test top down processing in haptic perception? Illusions that are used for visual perception can also be used for haptic perception. E.g. the Müller-Lyer illusion shows us that people use top down processing in about the same mannern during haptic and visual perception.
• Is top down processing used in haptic perception? yes
• Haptic information is used in combination with [....] to pick up an object vision
• Which two forms of attention excist? Focused (selective) attention and divided attention.
• What is subliminal perception? Perception without conscious awareness.
• What does "vigilance" mean? Wachsamkeit
• What is a "vigilance task" A task in which you really only concentrate on one thing

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