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Psychologie (Subject) / SS15 (Lesson)

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• 1. Electrical stimulation of which part of the brain was found to be reinforcing to rats: a. motor cortex b. hippocampus c. dorsal striatum d. ventral tegmental area e. orbitofrontal cortex D
• 1. What needs to be developed in children in order to plan, act intentionally and interact with others? a. social learning b. emotional intelligence c. empathy d. a theory of mind e. delay of gratification D
• 1 .Research has demonstrated that humans: a. begin showing habituation to sounds at about two months of age b. can demonstrate learning of basic sounds and language before they are born c. do not demonstrate operant conditioning until they are about a year old d. show evidence of working memory abilities before they are born cannot differentiate sounds before they are six months of age b
• 1. A student watches for shooting stars on a clear night, and sees one approximately every two minutes. This is an example of what kind of schedule of reinforcement? a. continuous reinforcement b. fixed interval c. variable-interval d. variable ratio e. fixed ratio c
• 1. Which of the following is an example of social learning? a. a dog learns to salivate in response to a bell after the bell is repeatedly followed by food b. a rat learns the correct route through a maze by being rewarded with food on reaching the end c. a cat learns through trial end error to escape from a puzzle box d. a student understands the physical principles behind biomechanics e. a chimpanzee copies the hand motions made by its trainer e
• 1. Which test measures self-recognition in children? a. Rouge test b. delay of gratification test c. Lackmus test d. BDI e. Cooper test a
• 1. What does Kurt Lewin`s field theory propose? a. a field of psychological forces emanating from the environment and the individual at a point in time determines behavior b. the personality of an individual generates the forces that drive action c. approach and avoidance are the two opposing forces in every behavioral field d. from basic biological forces second order needs develop e. from basic biological forces second order needs develop a
• 1. According to CS modulation theories such as that of Mackintosh, latent inhibition occurs because the: a. CS is ignored because it doesn’t predict anything reliably b. US is ignored because it doesn’t predict anything reliably c. CS does not include the context d. US does not include the context e. CS also includes the context a
• 1. Which of the following demonstrates use of a token economy to encourage good behavior in school children? a. Withdrawing privileges in a case of misconduct b. Giving children praise whenever they are behaving well c. Making children stay after school when they misbehave d. Awarding children points for good behavior, which they can exchange at the end of the day for small toys e. Awarding children successively more privileges for longer periods of good behavior d
• 1. According to Hull, which 2 components determine behavior? a. Anticipated action outcomes motivate action b. Anticipated intrinsic incentives motivate action c. Anticipation of flow experience leads to peak performance d. Anticipated action-outcome consequences motivate action e. High expectancy of success motivates action independent of incentive values d
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• 1. What is a developmental deadline? a. Point in life at which the prospects of achieving an important developmental goal decrease sharply b. Critical test of the ability to move on to the next level c. All end points or transition phases in secondary learning d. The constraints produced by the relative age effect e. Point of no return in choosing a life goal a
• 1. As people age from their twenties to their fifties, most types of memory: a. Remain relatively stable b. Gradually increase c. Snow a sharp decline after turning 40 d. Increase into their thirties and then gradually decline e. Gradually decline a
• 1. Autistic children a. Have problems with perspective taking b. Cannot recognize when they are being imitated c. Usually do not speak at all d. Show more impairment of meaningful gestures than meaningless ones Have more trouble imitating individual actions than sequences of actions? a
• 1. Discriminative stimuli are: a. Outcomes that decrease the probability of a behavior b. Outcomes that increase the probability of a behavior c. Stimuli that signal whether a particular response will lead to a particular outcome d. Successive approximations to a desired response e. Stimuli relevant for a stereotype c
• 1. What is a basic premise in Vroom’s instrumentality theory? a. High expectancy of success motivates action independent of incentive values b. Anticipated intrinsic incentives motivate action c. Anticipated action outcomes motivate action d. Anticipated action-outcome consequences motivate action e. Anticipation of flow experience leads to peak performance d
• 1. Hermann Ebbinghaus measured forgetting by: a. Measuring how long it took him to learn a list perfectly b. Measuring how long it took to relearn a previously learned list c. Seeing how long a list he could remember after hearing the list just once d. Distracting himself from the list Counting the number of times he needed to hear a list before he could recall it perfectly b
• 1. What are according to Locke and Latham the 5 characteristics of effective goals? a. Flexible, time-framed, reality-oriented, of moderate difficulty level, intrinsic b. Self-determined, motivated, ability-oriented, rational, task relevant c. Exciting, stimulating, risky, sensation-seeking, unconventional d. Process oriented, individualized, situation-adequate, sensible, educated e. Specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time-specific e
• 1. What is characteristic of flow experience? The unselfconscious and complete absorption in a pursuit Overcoming all limitations Runner’s high Full conscious control of all skill aspects Ignoring signals of danger a. Overcoming all limitations b. Full conscious control of all skill aspects c. The unselfconscious and complete absorption in a pursuit d. Ignoring signals of danger e. Runner’s high c
• 1. Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer? a. Sleep b. Sex c. Food d. Money e. Liquids d
• 1. What was one of Sigmund Freud’s most important contributions to contemporary motivational psychology? a. The introduction of the Tantalus complex b. The solution to the dualism problem c. The inclusion of the free will d. The introduction of the decisive role of the unconscious e. The reduction of the number of drives from 18 to 3 d
• 1. What is the fundamental attribution error? a. Tendency to explain someone else’s behavior through person rather than situational factors b. A motivated distortion of the casual explanation of one’s own behavior c. Stereotyped attributing of negative characteristics to a minority group d. Explaining one’s own failure through bad luck A misfunctioning in the explanation of behavior based on fundamental deficits in the prefrontal cortex a
• 1. What was one of Sigmund Freud’s most important contributions to contemporary motivational psychology? a. The introduction of the Tantalus complex b. The solution to the dualism problem c. The inclusion of the free will d. The introduction of the decisive role of the unconscious e. The reduction of the number of drives from 18 to 3 d
• 1. What is the fundamental attribution error? a. Tendency to explain someone else’s behavior through person rather than situational factors b. A motivated distortion of the casual explanation of one’s own behavior c. Stereotyped attributing of negative characteristics to a minority group d. Explaining one’s own failure through bad luck e. A misfunctioning in the explanation of behavior based on fundamental deficits in the prefrontal cortex a
• 1. The study of how organisms allocate their time and resources among possible options is known as: a. Token economics b. Behavioral economics c. Chaining d. Shaping e. The match law b
• 1. Men generally perform better than woman on tasks involving: a. Imitation b. Working memory c. Verbal abilities d. Remembering location of objects e. Spatial (=räumlich)learning e
• 1. Which variable expands the Theory of Reasoned Action to the Theory of Planned behavior? a. Locus of Control b. Perceived Behavioral Control c. Action versus State Orientation d. Societal Norms e. Individual Norms b
• 1. What are the effects of retrograde messenger? a. Increased Calcium Calmodulin Kinase in the post-synapse b. Opening of NMDA receptors c. Opening of AMPA receptors d. Reduced transmitter release at the pre-synapse e. Increased neurotransmitter release at the pre-synapse e
• 1. What are the effects of retrograde messenger? a. Increased Calcium Calmodulin Kinase in the post-synapse b. Opening of NMDA receptors c. Opening of AMPA receptors d. Reduced transmitter release at the pre-synapse e. Increased neurotransmitter release at the pre-synapse e
• 1. Why can people high in “motivational competence” (congruence of implicit and explicit motives) be expected to experience flow more frequently? a. They know best what characterizes situations that enable flow b. They are sensation seekers c. They are “happy go lucky” characters d. Less self-control is required which makes effortless, joyful flow experiences more likely e. They are very good at self-control and therefore do not get distracted easily d
• 1. Learning leads to…? a. Reduced flexibility of behavior b. Higher intelligence c. Relative stable changes in the behavioral potential d. Higher relaxation e. Behavior change c
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• 1. In Classic Conditioning, the spontaneous recovery of a CR suggests that: a. Conditioning was not effective b. The CR is not gone after extinction c. Any stimulus can be a US d. Any stimulus can be a CS e. The body tends toward a state of equilibrium b
• 1. Motivation and Volition: Which motives does McClelland’s model of dual motives address? a. First order and second order needs b. Implicit and explicit needs c. Approach and avoidance motives d. Intrinsic and extrinsic motives e. Social and biological motives b
• 1. What does the Zeigarnik effect show? a. Incomplete intentions remain activated b. Vivid information influences judgements more than pallid information c. The will needs to be trained like a muscle d. Inconsistent cognitions generate a drive to eliminate the conflict The chances of winning rewards of high value are overestimated… a
• 1. Molecules on the surface of postsynaptic cell that bind with and respond to neurotransmitters are called: a. Neuromodulators b. Spines c. Synapses d. Glia e. Receptors e
• 1. What is synaptic plasticity? a. The finding that drugs can impact the release of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron b. The ability of synapses to change as a result of experience c. The ability of terminal buttons to increase the number of vesicles d. The finding that neurons are not rigid, but can “bend” to connect to nearby neurons e. The ability of neurons to absorb a stain of silver chromate b
• 1. In what way does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning? a. In classical conditioning, learning is fastest during the early trials, while in operant conditioning learning is fastest during the later trials b. Extinction occurs in classical conditioning but not in operant conditioning c. In classical conditioning, the consequence arrives regardless of the animal’s behavior, while in operant conditioning it only arrives once the animal has made response d. In classical condition associations are learned like reflexes whereas in operant conditioning learning is based on the development of expectations e. Classical conditioning can be used to train animals to make responses they would not normally make; operant conditioning cannot be used to do this c
• 1. When an individual learns an emotional response after observing it in others, this is known as: a. Stimulus enhancement b. Imitation c. Contagion d. Observational conditioning e. Deferred imitation d
• 1. Taking into account Weiner’s locus, stability, and controllability dimensions, what would an attribution to internal locus, stability and uncontrollability refer to? a. Task difficulty b. Ability c. Mood d. Typical effort e. Luck b
• 1. Which kind of neurons respond during both performance of an action and during visual observations of that same action a. Echolalic b. Mirror c. Template d. Modeling e. Hobnail b
• 1. If a person learns a task by insight, we expect performance: a. Show a positive acceleration b. Show a sudden jump on one particular trial and remain higher thereafter c. Remain relativity constant across all trials d. Increase gradually across trials Show a sudden jump on one particular trial and then gradually decline b
• 1. Which of the following results suggests that the hippocampus is critical for CS modulation effects? a. The hippocampus is not necessary for acquiring basic conditioned responses b. The hippocampus is not necessary for eye blink conditioning to occur c. The hippocampus is highly active during conditioning d. The hippocampus is inactive during conditioning e. Hippocampal lesions eliminate latent inhibition in rabbit eye blink conditioning e
• 1. Behavioral addictions: a. Are no addictions on a physiological level b. Activate a unique brain system that is different from the one activated by drug addictions c. Seem to activate the same reinforcement system in the brain as drug addictions do d. Do not usually lead to withdrawal symptoms e. Do not usually produce cravings c
• 1. What does not belong to Kuhl’s four modes of volition? a. Self-control b. Volitional mind-set c. Self-regulation d. Volitional facilitation e. Self-facilitation b
• 1. Teachers can create the conditions for learning and studying in order to motivate their students. What kind of study conditions motivate students with a high explicit achievement motive most? a. High demands and competition with others b. Incentives which are inherent in the task itself c. No competition with others d. Open, unstructured situations e. High degree of self-determination a
• 1. Interfering with dopamine seems to: a. Reduce enjoyment of a reinforcer but have no effect on motor responses b. Reduce motivation to perform a behavior but have no effect on enjoyment of a reinforcer c. Impair motor responses but have no effect on enjoyment of a reinforcer d. Reduce enjoyment of a reinforcer but have no effect on motivation to perform a behavior e. Increase enjoyment of a reinforcer but have no effect on motivation to perform a behavior b
• 1. What is characteristic of implementation intentions? a. They rely on cognitive resources b. Initiation requires explicit commitment c. Deliberations are an essential element d. They function only with advanced metacognitive skills e. They are initiated automatically e
• 1. In terms of motivation theory, what can be considered “the resultant motivational tendency”? a. The sum of peer group pressure on an individual’s action tendency minus the implicit motivation b. The instrumentality of an action tendency c. A composite of the various situational incentives weighted according to the personal motive profile d. The motivational tendency resulting from the evaluation of the outcome e. The motivational tendency resulting from the evaluation of the consequences of the outcome c
• 1. What attribution would you make according to Kelley’s model if you observe high consensus and high distinctiveness a. Chance b. Person c. Entity(=Einheit) d. Ability e. Effort c
• 1. When does the autonomous achievement motive develop? a. At preschool or even earlier b. During primary school c. During puberty d. In adolescence e. In early adulthood a
• 1. At what age do children perceive success and failure? a. 1-3 years of age b. 10-12 years of age c. 6 to 12 months of age d. 3-4 years of age e. 6-8 years of age d

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