USMLE (Fach) / Microbiology - Flashcards (Lektion)

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• Which bacteria have IgA proteases? 1. Streptococcus pneumoniae 2. Neisseria gonorrheae 3. Neisseria meningitidis 4. Haemophilus influenzae
• What does the capsule of Bacillus anthracis consist ... D-glutamate
• What bacteria do not gram stain well? 1. Treponema 2. Rickettsia 3. Mycobacteria (high-lipid-content wall) 4. Mycoplasma (no cell wall) 5. Legionella pneumophila (primarily intracellular) 6. Chlamydia (intracellular, lacks muramic acid in ...
• Bacteria with superantigens 1. Staphylococcus aureus 2. Streptococcus pyogenes
• Bacteria with AB toxins 1. Corynebacterium diphtheriae 2. Vibrio cholerae 3. E. coli 4. Bordetella pertussis
• Exotoxins released by Staphylococcus aureus Superantigens 1. Toxic shock syndrom toxin (TSST-1) causes toxic shock syndrome (fever, rash, hypotonia) 2. Enterotoxins cause food poisoning (heat-resistant!) 
• Endotoxins: what do they activate? 1. Macrophages:IL-1 --> FeverTNF --> Fever and hemorrhagic tissue necrosisNitrate-oxide --> Hypotension 2. Alternative complement pathways (C3a, C5a) 3. XI - Hageman factor (coagulation cascade --> disseminated ...
• What method is used to differentiate Neisseria? Sugar fermentation Meningococci ferment Maltose and Glucose Gonoccoci only ferment Glucose
• Special culture requirements for: Haemophilus influenzae ... Chocolate agar with factors X (Hematin) and Y (NAD)
• Special culture requirements for: Neisseria gonorrhoea ... Thayer-Martin media
• Special culture requirements for: Bordatella pertussis ... Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar
• Special culture requirements for: Mycobacterium tuberculosis ... Lowenstein-Jensen agar
• Special culture requirements for: Lactose-fermenting ... Pink colonies on MacConkey agar
• Special culture requirements for: Fungi Sabourand's agar
• What microbes can be stained with: periodic acid schiff ... Glycogens and mucopolysaccharids Used to diagnose Morbus Whipple
• What microbes can be stained with: India ink Cryptococcus neoformans
• 4 lysogenic genes BCDE 1. Botulinum 2. Cholera 3. Diphtherie 4. Erythrogenic toxin of Streptococcus pyogenes
• 5 obligate aerobes 1. Bacillus 2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 4. Neisseria 5. Legionella
• 3 obligate anaerobes 1. Clostridium 2. Bacteroides 3. Actinomyces Lack catalase and/or superoxidase dismutase
• What antibiotics are particularly ineffective against ... Aminoglycosides, because they require O2 to enter the bacterial cell
• 3 obligate intracellular bacteria 1. Legionella 2. Chlamydia 3. Rickettsia Can't make their own ATP
• Encapsulated bacteria 1. Streptococcus pyogenes 2. Haemophilus influenzae (especially B serotype) 3. Neisseria meningitidis 4. Klebsiella pneumoniae
• What is Protein A? Virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus. Binds to Fc-IgG, inhibiting complement fixation and phagocytosis
• What disease states does staphylococcus aureus cause? ... Inflammatory:1. Skin infections2. Organ abcesses (endocarditis, osteomyelitis)3. Pneumonia Toxin-mediated1. Toxic shock syndrom (TTST-1)2. Scalded skin syndrom (SSSS) from exfoliative toxin3. Rapid-onset ...
• What disease states does streptococcus pyogenes cause? ... Pyogenic1. Pharyngitis2. Cellulitis3. Impetigo Toxigenic1. Toxic-like shock syndrome2. Scarlet fever Immunogenic1. Rheumatic fever2. Acute glomerulonephritis
• What is streptococcus pneumoniae the most common cause ... 1. Meningitis 2. Otitis media (in children) 3. Pneumonia 4. Sinusitis MOPS
• What disease states does staphylococcus epidermidis ... Infection of prosthetic devices and catheters Contaminates blood cultures
• What are the mechanisms of a Bacillus anthracis infection? ... 1. Non-inhalation contact2: Formation of a malignant pustule (painless ulcur)3. Progression to bacteremia4. Death 1. Inhalation of spores2. Development of flulike symptoms that rapidly progress to fever, ...
• What is Woolsorter's disease? Inhalation of Bacillus anthracis spores from contaminated wool
• Which bacteria can live in neutrophils? Neisseria
• Vaccine availability for Neisseria Gonokokken: No Meningokokken: Yes
• What disease states does Gonococcus cause? 1. Gonorrhea2. Septic arthritis3. Neonatal conjunctivitis4. PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)
• What disease state does Meningococcus cause? 1. Meningococcemia2. Meningitis3. Waterhouse-Friedrichson syndrome
• What disease state does Haemophilus influenzae cause? ... 1. Epiglottidis2. Meningitis3. Otitis media4. Pneumonia Does not cause a flu (that's a virus!)
• Treatment for Haemophilus influenzae meningitis Ceftriaxone (Cephalosporine) Vaccine: Type B polysaccharide given between 2 and 18 monts of age Close contacts: Rifampin
• Orange sputum? Which bacteria? 1. Pneumococcus 2. Klebsiella ('red currant jelly' sputum)
• Salmonella vs. Shigella Animal reservoir: Salmonella: YESShigella: No Virulence: Salmonella >100'000Shigella >10
• What bacteria causes contamination of: reheated rice? ... Bacillus cereus
• What bacteria causes contamination of: meat? 1. Staphylococcus aureus (starts quickly, ends early) 2. E. coli O157:H7 (undercooked meat) 3. Campylobacter 4. Clostridium perfringens (reheated meat dishes) 5. Clostridium botulinum (sausage) 6. Vibrio ...
• What bacteria causes contamination of: poultry? 1. Salmonella (and eggs)
• Difference between mechanisms of cholera and pertussis ... Cholera: permanently activates Gs (turns "on" "on") Pertussis: permanently disables Gi (turns "off" "off")
• Treatment for Legionella Has a beta-lactamase (penicillin-resistant) 1. Erythromycin2. Rifampin
• What disease state does Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare ... Bacteria are multiple drug resistant and cause disseminated disease in AIDS
• Symptoms of tuberculosis 1. Fever2. Weight loss3. Hemoptysis (coughing up of blood)4. Night sweats
• True or false: No gram-positive bacteria have endotoxin. ... False. Listeria monocytogenes has it.
• Disease states caused by Chlamydia trachomatis 1. Reactive arthritis (Reiters syndrome)2. Conjunctivitis3. Non-gonoccocal urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease
• Disease states caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae 1. Infection of the respiratory tracts2. Atypical pneumoniae 
• Disease states caused by Chlamydia psittaci 1. Atypical pneumoniae 
• What is unusual about the Chlamydia wall? It lacks muramic acid.
• Treatment of Chlamydia Erythromycin or tetracycline

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