Microbiology - Flashcards

1. Chronic infection2. Blindness in Africa

1. Urethritis/PID2. Ectopic pregnancy3. Neonatal pneumonia4. Neonatal conjunctivitis

Lymphogranuloma venereum1. acute lymphadenitis with a positive Frei test2. ulcers3. rectal strictures

1. Erythema chronicum migrans and flu-like symptoms2. Neurologic and cardiac manifestations3. Autoimmune migratory polyarthritis

1. Painless chancre (localized disease) 2. Disseminated disease with constitutional symptoms (fever, lymphadenopathy), maculopapular rash (palmes and soles), condylomata lata 3. Neurosyphilis, aortitis, gummas

- Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption testFTA-ABS: Find the Antibody-Absolutely - Confirmatory test for syphilis (after positive VDRL)

- Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test (venereal: relating to sexual intercourse)1. Viruses 2. Drugs3. Rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis4. Lupus and leprosy - Screening test for syphilis (blood test) - High sensitivity

1. Thrush esophagitis in immunocompromised patients (neonates, AIDS)2. Endocarditis in IV drug users3. Vaginitis post-antibiotic use4. Diaper rash5. Disseminated candidiasis

Superficial: Nystatin Serious symptomatic: Amphotericin B

Aspergillus

1. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis2. Lung cavity aspergilloma3. Invasive aspergillosis

1. Giardiasis2. Bloating3. Flatulence4. Foul-smelling diarrhea

Diarrhoea 1. AIDS: Severe2. Non-HIV: Mild watery

1. HIV: brain abscess 2. Birth defects (ring-enhancing brain lesions)

1. Cyclic fevers2. Headache3. Anaemia4. Splenomegaly5. Severe cerebral malaria (with Plasmodium falciparum)

Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar or black fever): - fever- weight loss- anaemia- swelling of the liver and spleen

1. Entamoeba histolytica2. Giardia lamblia3. Cryptosporidium4. Toxoplasma

Trophozoites or cysts in stool (double nuclei like owl eyes) - SAFC

- Trophozoites and cysts in SAFC - Serology 

- Ziehl Neelsen (acid fast stain)

Nematode (roundworm) 1. Up to 1 food in length2. Eggs in feces3. Intestinal infection (via trachea)

Nematoda (roundworm) 1. Food contaminated with eggs2. Intestinal infection3. Anal pruritis: Scotch-tape test

Nematode (roundworm) 1. Larvae in soil penetrate the skin2. Intestinal infection (via trachea)

Campylobacter - comma-shaped organisms Entamoeba histolytica - liver abscess Enterhemorrhagic E. coli - can cause HUS, makes Shiga-like toxin Enteroinvasive E. coli Salmonella - lactose (-), has animal reservoir, especially poultry and eggs Shigella - lactose (-), very low ID50, produces Shiga toxin (human reservoir only) Yersinia enterocolitica - pseudoappendicitis

Clostridium difficile - pseudomembranous colitis; occasionally bloody Clostridium perfringens - also causes gas gangrene Enterotoxigenic E. coli - Travelers' diarrhea Protozoa - Giardia, Cryptosporidium Vibrio cholerae - comma-shaped; rice-water diarrhea Viruses - Rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus

Bacterial vaginosis- bacterial overgrowth (other than Lactobacilli), eg Gardnerella- no inflammation- thin, white discharge with fishy odor- Clue cells- Treatment: Metronidazole Trichomonas vaginitis- Inflammation ("strawberry cervix")- yellow-green, foul-smelling discharge- Motile trichomonads- Treatment: Metronidazole Candida vulvovaginitis- Inflammation- thick, white "cottage cheese" discharge- Pseudohyphae- Treatment: -azoles

- microbes that pass from mother to fetus Toxoplasma gondii- Classic triad: chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications Rubella- Classic triad: cataract, deafness, congenital heart disease (PDA) ± "blueberry muffin" rash Cytomegalovirus- hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash, "blueberry muffin" rash, periventricular calcifications HIV Herpes simplex virus-2- Encephalitis, herpetic (vesicular) lesions Syphilis- often results in stillbirth, hydrops fetalis

Coxsackie type A: Hand-foot-mouth disease- Oval-shaped vesicles on palms and soles Rubella virus- Pink coalescing macules begin at head and move down --> truncal rash; postauricular lymphadenopathy Measles virus- Beginning at head and moving down; rash is preceded by cough, coryza, conjunctivitis and Koplik spots on buccal mucosa Varizella-Zoster virus: chickenpox- Vesicular rash begins on trunk, spreads to face and extremities with lesions of different stages Human herpesvirus 6: Roseola (exanthem subitum)- asymptomatic rose-colored macules appear on body after several days of high fever; can present with febrile seizures Parvovirus B19: Erythema infectiosum- "Slapped cheek" rash on face Streptococcus pyogenes: Scarlet fever- Erythematous, sandpaper-like rash with fever and sore throat

- Coxsackie A virus - Treponema pallidum (syphillis) - Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky mountain spotted fever)

Bacteria:- Lyme disease (Borrelia)- Relapsing fever (Borrelia)- Typhus (Rickettsia)- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia)- Helvetica Spotted fever (Rickettsia)- Ehrlichosis anaplasmosis Viruses:- Tick-borne meningoencephalitis (FSME-virus, flavivirus)- Colorado tick fever (Reovirus) Protozoa:- Babesiosis (Babesia microti) Toxin: Tick-paralysis