Cognitive Psychology (Fach) / Chapter 8 (Lektion)
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Thinking
Diese Lektion wurde von Janina erstellt.
- What does "impasse" mean? Sackgasse.
- What causes an "impasse" in problem solving? If experience is not helpful in relation to the problem thet we are seeking to solve.
- What is a solution to overcome an "impasse" ? Altering the representation of the problem.
- What are two processes by which problem representation can be changed? Chunk decomposition and constraint relaxation.
- Chunk decomposition depends on what? How tightly the information is chunked in the current representation.
- In every day life, problems are often not well defined or new. Which strategy is most often used then? Analogy!
- What are the three phases of analogy? 1) Interpretation of the problem to be solved 2) Retrieval from long term memory of a possible useful source 3) The features of the source are applicated to the target problem
- When participants are provided with one story are they likely to use the story as an analogy for another story? Neee, they first have to be provided with cues how they are related.
- From what we know from studies, is analogical problem solving an automatic process? No, people have to think consciously about hte connection between the two stories.
- What is the difference between structural similarity and superficial similarity? Structural similarity goes a bit deeper in the story. It means the underlying relations among the objects shared by the source and target problems. Suferficial similarity refers to objects and their propertie, story protagonist and storiy lines that are both common in target source and target problem.
- Do participants find it easier to see connections between to stories that are structural similar or superficial similar? Superficial similar.
- More recent research has found,however, that people are very well able to use structural similarities to infer analogy! True or not? True.
- What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? In deductive reasoning the answer is certain where in inductive reasoning the conclusion is highly probable and not necessary true.
- Inductive reasoning belongs to what? Inductive reasoning.
- What is the best way to test a hypothesis correctness? Attempt to disconfirm it.
- How is it called when people are testing their hypothesis by wanting to confirm them? Confirmation bias.
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- What are possible results of confirmation bias? They explain why prejudices and false beliefs are maintained.
- Also wenn meine Hypothese ist, dass alle Türken auf der Straße rumrotzen und ich dann nach Türken ausschau halte, die das machen. Was is das? Confirmation bias.
- Is it possible to learn disconfirmation? yes.
- In the four card selection task, hypotheses are tested via .... deductive reasoning.
- Hypothesis generation and hypothesis testing is important in which form of reasoning? Inductiv reasoning.
- What is the "matching bias"? It means that people match the task with the description of the problem? Therefore, the rule leads the people to pick a certain object.
- What do mental logic theories assume? That our resoning is underpinned by the use of mental rules even though we make errors and accept erreneous conclusions.
- What are mental logic theories also known as? Formal rule theories.
- What is Braine's suggestion about a "natural logic"? We have a repertory of abstract rules that we will use unless tutored in standard logic.
- What is the suppression effect? Additional information about a problem can suppress the valid inferences modus ponens and modus tollens.
- What is "non-monotonicity"? It means that we constantly revise our everyday conclusions when we get new evidence.
- Pragmatic reasoning schemata. Clusters of rules that are highly generalized and abstracted but defined with respect to different types of relationships and goals.