53

Englisch (Subject) / Schemes and Tropes (Lesson)

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• alliteration ,same sound at beginning
• assonance ,same vowel sounds – sweap, beat, clean
• consonance ,same consonant – pitter patter little
• anaphora ,same beginning of successive phrases
• epistrophe ,same ending of successive phrases
• epanalepsis ,repetition with other words in between – blood has brought blood
• anadiplosis ,word that ends the clause starts the next
• polyptoton ,words share same root – life living
• antimetabole ,repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order (ABC/CBA) – you like it, it likes you
• chiasmus ,reverse grammatical order, but without repetition – by day the frolic, and the dance by night
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• anastrophe ,inversion of the normal word order – All Italy I went
• parallelism ,similar structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases (nouns/nouns, ing/ing) – I dont want to wait forever. I dont want to waste my time
• isoclon, tricolon, tetracolon ,phrases of equal length and parallel in structure – out of sight, out of mind
• three part list ,list of three items
• juxtaposition ,a contrast of ideas without pithiness of a contrasting pair nor a parallel structure – people dont just want mental snacks, they also want meals
• antithesis ,contrast of ideas, parallel structure – one small step for a man, one giant step
• contrasting pair ,two things contrasted concisely
• climax ,increasing importance
• Anti-climax ,decreasing importance
• parenthesis ,insertion of words to interrupt the flow (authors voice) – there is even, and it is the arrangement of this book …
• asyndeton ,no conjunctions
• polysyndeton ,many conjunctions
• (extended) metaphor ,one idea described in terms of another – all the worlds a stage
• simile ,metaphor with explicit comparison
• personification ,objects get human qualities
• metonymy ,one concept is used to represent another to which it is closely related – the White House
• synecdoche ,a part stands for the whole and vice versa
• antonomasia ,a) label substitutes for a proper name (Iron Lady) b) proper name to refer to a class, type of person, quality (Hoover, Cicero)
• irony ,expression that is the opposite of what is meant
• paralipsis ,emphasizing sth by say nothing or little about it – not to mention
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• antanaclasis ,repetition but in a different sense – if you dont get it, you dont get it
• syllepsis ,a word is unterstood differently in relation to the word it is used together with, grammatically correct – she lost her necklace and her heart
• zeugma ,the single word does not make sense with one of its pair – kill the boys and the luggage
• pun ,play of words based on polysemy, homonymy, homography, homophony, paronomasia
• polysemy ,same spelling and pron with related meanings – face of a person/clock
• homonymy ,same spelling and pron with unrelated meanings – bank
• homography ,same spelling , diff pron + meaning – contract
• homophony ,same pron, diff spelling + meaning – sent, scent
• paronomasia ,similar pronunciation but with a difference in spelling and meaning – fission chips
• rhetorical question ,no answer expected
• hypophora ,immediate answer to an own question
• hyperbole ,Exaggeration – it weighs a ton
• auxesis ,magnifying the importance by a disproportionate term – calling a scratch a wound
• meiosis ,Minimalization – a small token of my esteem
• litotes ,negated antonym – not bad
• onomatopoeia ,imitating natural sounds
• oxymoron ,two words (adj + n) appear to be contradictory (small paradox) – old news
• paradox ,statement appears to be self-contradictory
• pleonasm ,more words than are required – see with their eyes and hear with their ears
• periphrasis ,complicated general wordiness – penutimate month

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