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Englisch (Fach) / Schemes and Tropes (Lektion)
Figures of Speech
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- alliteration ,same sound at beginning
- assonance ,same vowel sounds – sweap, beat, clean
- consonance ,same consonant – pitter patter little
- anaphora ,same beginning of successive phrases
- epistrophe ,same ending of successive phrases
- epanalepsis ,repetition with other words in between – blood has brought blood
- anadiplosis ,word that ends the clause starts the next
- polyptoton ,words share same root – life living
- antimetabole ,repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order (ABC/CBA) – you like it, it likes you
- chiasmus ,reverse grammatical order, but without repetition – by day the frolic, and the dance by night
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- anastrophe ,inversion of the normal word order – All Italy I went
- parallelism ,similar structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases (nouns/nouns, ing/ing) – I dont want to wait forever. I dont want to waste my time
- isoclon, tricolon, tetracolon ,phrases of equal length and parallel in structure – out of sight, out of mind
- three part list ,list of three items
- juxtaposition ,a contrast of ideas without pithiness of a contrasting pair nor a parallel structure – people dont just want mental snacks, they also want meals
- antithesis ,contrast of ideas, parallel structure – one small step for a man, one giant step
- contrasting pair ,two things contrasted concisely
- climax ,increasing importance
- Anti-climax ,decreasing importance
- parenthesis ,insertion of words to interrupt the flow (authors voice) – there is even, and it is the arrangement of this book …
- asyndeton ,no conjunctions
- polysyndeton ,many conjunctions
- (extended) metaphor ,one idea described in terms of another – all the worlds a stage
- simile ,metaphor with explicit comparison
- personification ,objects get human qualities
- metonymy ,one concept is used to represent another to which it is closely related – the White House
- synecdoche ,a part stands for the whole and vice versa
- antonomasia ,a) label substitutes for a proper name (Iron Lady) b) proper name to refer to a class, type of person, quality (Hoover, Cicero)
- irony ,expression that is the opposite of what is meant
- paralipsis ,emphasizing sth by say nothing or little about it – not to mention
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- antanaclasis ,repetition but in a different sense – if you dont get it, you dont get it
- syllepsis ,a word is unterstood differently in relation to the word it is used together with, grammatically correct – she lost her necklace and her heart
- zeugma ,the single word does not make sense with one of its pair – kill the boys and the luggage
- pun ,play of words based on polysemy, homonymy, homography, homophony, paronomasia
- polysemy ,same spelling and pron with related meanings – face of a person/clock
- homonymy ,same spelling and pron with unrelated meanings – bank
- homography ,same spelling , diff pron + meaning – contract
- homophony ,same pron, diff spelling + meaning – sent, scent
- paronomasia ,similar pronunciation but with a difference in spelling and meaning – fission chips
- rhetorical question ,no answer expected
- hypophora ,immediate answer to an own question
- hyperbole ,Exaggeration – it weighs a ton
- auxesis ,magnifying the importance by a disproportionate term – calling a scratch a wound
- meiosis ,Minimalization – a small token of my esteem
- litotes ,negated antonym – not bad
- onomatopoeia ,imitating natural sounds
- oxymoron ,two words (adj + n) appear to be contradictory (small paradox) – old news
- paradox ,statement appears to be self-contradictory
- pleonasm ,more words than are required – see with their eyes and hear with their ears
- periphrasis ,complicated general wordiness – penutimate month