Psychologie (Subject) / Social Psychology (Lesson)

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• Social Psychology studies A) why social interaction has evolved B) people’s personalities C) groups D) the influence that people have on each other D) the influence that people have on each other   • How and what do people think of one another?• How, and how much, do people influence oneanother?• What shapes the way we relate to one another?
• Major research in social psychology has been undertaken in areas such as A) tourism and fashion trends B) genetics and gay culture C) sexism and conformity D) memory and acoustics C) sexism and conformity
• Research in social psychology employs methods that are A) both experimental and non-experimental B) based on archives but not case studies C) cross-cultural but not developmental D) usually observational A) both experimental and non-experimental also cross-cultural and developmental
• According to the actor-observer effect, actors tend to attribute their actions to ____ factors. A) unstable B) internal C) dispositional D) situational D) situational Observer tend to attribute their actions on dispositional factors.perceptual salience: actors notice the situationsaround them that influence them to act, whileobservers notice the actors. actors have more information about themselvesthan do observers. asymmetry for negative events but a reversedasymmetry for positive events. people in easter cultures tend more to attribute peoples behavior to situational factors.
• 2.) „He gave those blokes the finger ± no wonder he was beaten unconscious.” This statement is an example of: A) a gang norm B) belief in a just world C) self-handicapping D) a self-serving bias B) belief in a just world defensive attribution:  make it seem like it could never happen to one self. bad things happen to badpeople and that good things happen to goodpeople.
• Which of the following is NOT an attribution theory? A) Schachter‘s theory of emotional lability B) Turner and Hogg‘s self-categorisation theory C) Kelley‘s covariation model D) Jones and Davis‘s theory of correspondent inference B) Turner and Hogg‘s self-categorisation theory Schachter‘s theory of emotional lability:two distinct components:- A state of physiological arousal- and cognitions which label the arousal and determine whichemotion is experienced Kelley‘s covariation model:looking for a cause of someones behavior inconsensus information, distinctiveness information, andconsistency information Jones and Davis‘s theory of correspondent inference:Theorie der korrespondierenden Schlussfolgerung The behavior (e.g., rude) corresponds to anunderlying characteristic of the person (rude)
• 4.) Jemina knew little about photography but enrolled in a beginner’s course to see what it was all about. She was praised for her first effort, but thought this was just a bit of luck, making an ____attribution. When she continued to be praised f B) external-unstable; external-stable
• 5.) In an attribution theory put forward by ____ , we look for causes of behaviour on the basis of whether an action is perceived to be controllable or not, and whether it is stable or not. A) Heider B) Schachter C) Weiner D) Kelley C) Weiner Weiner’s (1979) attributional theoryAchievement attributions as a function of ….. Locus - is the performance caused by the actor (internal) or thesituation (external)?Stability - is the internal or external cause a stable or an unstableone?Controllability - to what extent is future task performance underthe actor’s control?
• Millie is a member of a youth group. She is proud of this and feels she is a better person as a result. She is a living example of: A) self-perception theory B) the self-evaluation maintenance model C) the overjustification effect D) how self- D) how self-categorisation theory works people who feel belonging to a group categorise themselfs as group members, internalising as self-evaluation the groups attitudes group is good - one self is good
• According to Sedikides (1993), self-enhancement, self-verification, selfassessment are powerful types of: A) illusions of self-control B) self-serving biases C) egocentric strategies D) self-motives D) self-motives Self-Verification refers to seeking out andinterpreting situations that confirm one’s selfconcept. Self-Enhancement refers to the need to hold apositive view of oneself. Positive Illusions refer to mild, falsely positiveself-enhancing perceptions of one’s personalqualities.
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• In the context of disadvantaged groups, which strategy can ethnic minorities employ to maintain a positive self-esteem? A) stick amongst themselves B) identify ethnic characteristics that they perceive in a positive way C) congregate in specially B) identify ethnic characteristics that they perceive in a positive way
• According to Festinger people learn about themselves by: A) putting their past behind them B) ignoring the comments of others and looking to the future C) playing up their strengths rather than their weaknesses D) comparing themselves with others D) comparing themselves with others Social Comparison Theory by Leon Festinger (1954): • people have a drive to evaluate their opinions andabilities accurately • in the absence of objective standards, peopleevaluate themselves by comparison with others • in general, people prefer comparisons with similarothers.
• According to terror management theory: A) natural desasters create the greatest of all fears B) people need to pull themselves together in this complex world C) self-esteem is a defence against inevitable death D) most terrorists manage fear very C) self-esteem is a defence against inevitable death Terror Management Theory purports that people are fearful of their own mortality and seek to minimize their anxiety by • holding a cultural world-view that makessense of an otherwise threatening world • having personal self-esteem that leads tothe sense that one is an object of value in ameaningful universe.
• According to which model are attitudes described variously as containing feelings, likes, dislikes, behavioural intentions, thoughts and ideas? A) the three component model B) the dual model of attitudes C) the cognitive consistency model D) A) the three component model Attitudes based on “ABC” information - affective componentthe person’s emotions and affect towards theobject - behavioral component how person tends to act towards the object - cognitive component consists of thoughts and beliefs the person hasabout the object
• Dissonance theory and balance theory are both examples of: A) accidental discoveries in the study of attitudes B) cognitive consistency theories C) social identity theory D) behaviourism in the study of attitudes B) cognitive consistency theories Cognitive consistency approaches depict people as striving for coherence and meaning in their attitudes. • Balance Theory8 possible configurations of two people and one object. imbalanced structures tend to become balanced by a change in one or more elements. • Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger, 1957)concerned with discrepancies between people’ s attitudes and their behaviors Three ways of reducing dissonance• changing our behavior (often difficult)• trivializing the dissonance• changing the attitude (typical choice)
• The theory of planned behaviour extended the theory of reasoned action by: A) specifying the questions that are asked in order to predict behaviour B) re-arranging the three components of “beliefs“, “intentions“ and “action“ C) adding the variab C) adding the variable of perceived behavioural control Ajzen & Madden (1986)Perceived behavior control = people’s beliefin their ability to control their outcomes. The Theory of Reasoned ActionFishbein & Ajzen (1974) - attitude toward the behavior - subjective social norms
• In balance theory, a triad is balanced when there is (are): A) two positive relationships B) just one negative relationship C) an odd number of negative relationships D) none of the above D) none of the above (8 Pyramiden, 2 persons, 1 object) 4 balanced: 3positiv or 2 negative
• When Karen hears graphic news about disasters she becomes somewhat stressed, focussed and attentive. However, when she gets extremely stressed, she is so uptight that she becomes distracted from the details of the story. This sequence characteris D) the inverted U-curve The inverted U-curve relationship betweenfear and attitude change Fear-arousing communications are mosteffective if they induce a moderate amount offear and people believe that listening to themessage will reduce this fear. If themessage is too scary or not scary enough, itwill fail.
• In Petty and Cacioppo‘s (1986) elaboration-likelihood model A) people are never assumed to take mental shortcuts B) a central route is used when the message is delivered in visual form C) a peripheral route is used when attention to the argument o C) a peripheral route is used when attention to the argument of amessage is low Dual process models of persuasion Petty and Cacioppo’s elaboration likelihoodmodel proposes that, when people attend to a messagecarefully, they use a central route to process it, otherwisethey use a peripheral route. [Chaiken’s heuristic–systematic model suggests that people use systematic processing when they attend to a message carefully,otherwise they use heuristic processing.]  
• Which of the following did NOT influence obedience in Milgram´s research? A) social proximity to the victim B) dispositional traits C) immediacy of the authority D) peer pressure B) dispositional traits
• A minority that projects certainty that its viewpoint is coherent and a viable alternative to the conventional viewpoint needs to be: A) consistent B) stubborn C) creative D) overwhelming A) consistent
• Young Jemima has just started singing lessons. According to social facilitation studies, her singing is probably better at this stage when she sings: A) when she is alone B) at a family gathering C) in a solo at the school concert D) on the b A) when she is alone presence of others leads to arousal leads dominant response  
• While studying human efficiency using a rope and a dynamometer, Ringelmann found that: A) the dynamometer broke when eight people pulling the rope B) each person pulled a little more as others joined in C) each person pulled a little less as othe C) each person pulled a little less as others joined in - motivation loss - coordination loss
• Supposed that, in an exercise, your psychology class had to come up with as many household items as they could that commenced with the letter W. One half of the class worked as individuals and the other half as an interacting group. If the group o B) social loafing causes: – group size and group norms – task attractiveness and task significance – and those that relate to the individual’s perception ofhis or her input to the group (deindividuation and freeriding)
• The term „prejudice“ refers to: A) an instinctual emotional response to outgroup members B) a set of beliefs arising from contact with members of an outgroup C) the behavioural component of an attitude D) a pre-judgement based on a person‘s grou D) a pre-judgement based on a person‘s group membership Prejudiced people direct their prejudicetowards members of the group as a whole,ignoring distinguishing characteristics. • Prejudice (affective)• Stereotypes (cognitive)• Discrimination (behavioral)
• Gaertner and Dovidio (1977) used the bystander apathy paradigm to unearth prejudice. In emergency situations, they found that when there were potential helpers: A) Black participants did not use the cue of the victim‘s race, but White participant B) bystander apathy increased when the victim was Black ratherthan White
• Sherif (1962) argues in his „realistic conflict theory“ that: A) simple contact between members of opposing groups can improve intergroup relations B) the mere presence of another group should improve intergroup relations C) shared goals between C) shared goals between groups reduce intergroup conflict Competition for scarce resources tends to produceintergroup conflict. Cooperation to achieve ashared goal reduces conflict.
• An aspect of yourself arises from your group membership(s). It is your: A) social identity B) affiliation motives C) sense of belongingness D) personal identity A) social identity s. self-categorisation • people are members of many different socialcategories: which categories are used by which people under which circumstances to categorize others?• Categorization can be influenced by the characteristicsof the person who is being categorized or by thecharacteristics of the person doing the categorizing - categories: salience, accessibility
• The model that explains leadership in terms of unique properties, or personality characteristics is known as the: A) personality approach to leadership B) person/leader match theory C) the unique person model D) great person theory D) great person theory leaders possess particular characteristics:– Excelling in abilities that meet the group’s goals,strong interpersonal skills, high motivation,confident; optimistic. Although certain personality traits are oftenassociated with leadership, there are toomany exceptions to support an explanation ofleadership purely in terms of personality.
• According Lippitt and White (1943), which of the following is NOT a leadership style? A) Success-oriented B) Autocratic C) Laissez-faire D) Democratic A) Success-oriented • The autocratic leader– took no input from the group members, emphasized hisauthority, and assigned group projects arbitrarily • The democratic leader– discussed the proposed activities with the group membersbefore assigning them and allowed the children to make theirown decisions, he encouraged the development of an egalitarianatmosphere • The laissez-faire leader– rarely intervened in the group activities, but rather let the groupmembers work by themselves without much supervision
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• The LPC scale is used as a measure of leadership style: A) in democratic countries B) in sports groups C) in factory settings D) as part of contingency theory D) as part of contingency theory Fiedler’s Contingency Model of LeadershipEffectiveness suggests that task-orientedleaders are most effective in high-control andlow-control situations, while emotion-focusedleaders are more effective in moderate-controlsituations. leader–member relations, task structure andposition power = situational control LPC = leadrs's predicted control  
• Despite some disagreement about what ‘aggression’ entails, there appears to be consensus that aggression at least involves: A) the intention to harm B) hurting people and destruction of property C) actual harm or injury to persons D) all of the A) the intention to harm An aggressive action is intentional behavioraimed at causing either physical or psychologicalpain of another living being who is motivated toavoid such treatment. Hostile aggression is an act of aggressionstemming from feelings of anger and aimed atinflicting pain. Instrumental aggression is aggression thatserves as a means to some goal other thancausing pain.
• If we define aggression as ‘intentionally inflicting harm upon others’, which of the following items qualify as aggression? A) suicide B) accidentally killing someone with a car C) self-mutilation D) verbal abuse of a work mate D) verbal abuse of a work mate
• Let us say that we want to study violence in young children. We go to a pre-school setting where we set up a large, soft plastic doll and arrange for an adult to punch it. Later, we observe how often individual children hit the doll. The measure o A) an experimental analogue of aggression
• 1) Harlow (1958) studied newborn rhesus monkeys to investigate: A) the importance of breast milk to establish infantile attachment B) maternal deprivation C) monkeys’ preference for different rates of milk flow D) all of the above B) maternal deprivation oparationalisation of hospitalism Surrogate Mothers couldn't give what a real mother could give. Long-term-seperation from others can have distributing intellectual and social outcomes, and may lead to irreversible psychological damage in young children.
• 2) A meta-analysis by Langlois and colleagues (2000) confirmed that an attractive person: A) only had an impact initially but this impact soon wore off B) had a bigger effect on males than on females C) in one culture can be a major turn-off in a D) an attractive person was treated defferntly than those who were not attraktive  
• 1) When an act is performed to benefit another without expectation of one`s own gain it is specifically: A) altruistic behaviour B) helping behaviour C) virtuous behaviour D) prosocial behaviour A) altruistic behaviour – Altruism means helping someone when there is noexpectation of a reward (except for feeling that one has done agood deed)– Helping Behavior includes any act that helps others,regardless of motive.– Prosocial Behavior: Any act positively valued by the society.
• 2) Annette has been a willing helper for Alma who is trying to write a psychology essay. Annette is herself worried about an upcoming statistic test. She also knows that Alma excels in statistics. Annette`s helping probably includes a good dose of A) operating on the reciprocity principle Social exchange theory argues that much ofwhat we do stems from the desire to maximizeour outcomes and minimize our costs. Likeevolutionary psychology, it is a theory based onself-interest; unlike it, it does not assume thatself-interest has a genetic basis. Helping can be rewarding in three ways: it canincrease the probability that someone will helpus in return; it can relieve the personal distressof the bystander; and it can gain us socialapproval and increased self-worth.Helping can also be costly; thus it decreaseswhen costs are high.     Batson (1991) is the strongest proponent of theidea that people often help purely out of thegoodness of their hearts.He argues that pure altruism is most likely tocome into play when we experience empathyfor the person in need; that is, we are able toexperience events and emotions the way thatperson experiences them. The empathy-altruism hypothesis states thatwhen we feel empathy for a person, we willattempt to help purely for altruistic reasons, thatis, regardless of what we have to gain.
• 3) There is a paradox: the likelihood of helping someone in distress decreases as the number of potential helpers increases. This can be accounted for to some extent by: A) independence in western cultures B) lack of empathy C) social loafing D) Pluralistic ignorance is the phenomenonwhereby bystanders assume that nothingis wrong in an emergency because no oneelse looks concerned. This greatlyinterferes with the interpretation of theevent as an emergency and thereforereduces helping. Diffusion of responsibility is thephenomenon whereby each bystander’ssense of responsibility to help decreasesas the number of witnesses increases.This results in a reduction of helping. Audience inhibition (fear of social blunders) isthe dread of acting inappropriately or of makinga foolish mistake witnessed by others.  

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