antro (Subject) / Biomarkers (Lesson)

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• List the early biomarkers until later effects due to pollutant exposure Molecular Subcellular cellular tissue systematic organism  population comunity ecosystem
• What are Biomarkers? Are meausures of body fluids, cells, or tissues that indicate in biochemical or cellular terms that : -indicate the prescense of contaminants. (EXPOSURE BIOMARKERS) or -the magnitude of the host response (EFFECT BIOMARKERS)
• What are biomarkers used for ? -They are used as early warning signals of biological effects caused by environmental pollutants. -They predict changes at higher levels of biological organization (i.e. population, commmunities, ecosystems)
• Describe and draw biomarker response curve 1) Increase, may be due to protein production increase and an increase in maximal activity in the proteins. 2) Maximum response is reached  3) Chemical becomes acutely toxic to the response and may decrease in maximal activity of the protein molecule and/or decrease the production of the protein 
• What are the validation of biomarkers? -They are linked to contamination exposure -They are tested in labs to establish sensitivity range  e.g. dosage and time rlated curves to single contaminants -hormenisis Identify sinergestic and antagonistic effects with contaminants mixtures -They are validated in field studies with one or two well understood bioindicator species
• Give some examples of biomarkers Molecules --> enzyme content  cells --> enoplasmatic reticulum organs --> liver, immune patterns, reproductive 
• Why was the Biomarker concept introduced ? To have an integrated measure on the effects of pollutant exposure in biological systems 
• Defence Biomarkers -Phase 1 - detoxification enzymes - cytochrome P450 Phase II - detoxification enzymes -GST  - Antioxidant enzymes - (SOD, CAT, GPX) - Metallothionens (MT) -ALAD
• Damage Biomarkers -Imposex -Acetylcholinesterase activity  -Lipid peroxidation 
• What are the General Biomarkers ? - Scope for growth, Adenylate energy charge, Hystopathology 
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• What is Scope for growth? Scope for growth represents the difference between the energy absorbed through the food and the energy consumed through metabolic processes. 
• What is adenylate energy charge ? It is the energy balance for an organism between 0>1 values. AEC                    Physiological Conditions  0.75 > 0.9          Good growth - reproduction  0.5 <0.75           Pertubation - small growth  <0.5                   Bad - no growth 
• How is the AEC calculated ? Calculated from the cocncentration of Adensosine Triphosphate (ATP) ADP, AND AMP. CEA = 0 ADECLINIC NUCLEO IN FORM OF AMP CEA = 1 ADECINIC NUCLEO IN FORM OF ATP  CEA <0.5 = LETHAL STRESS
• When is the CEA index useful? In Polluted environments It is a useful and quick method of detecting physiological stress
• What method is used to determine AEC? High performance liquid chromotography 
• What method is used to determine AEC? High performance liquid chromatogoraphy 
• What is the process of the high performance liquid chromatography? - Organisms are frozen in liquid nitrogen  -They are homogenased  - They are extracted -They are then centrifuged
• What is Hispathology? It refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestation of disease. 1) Holding  2) Absorbing  3) Disintegrating  4) Reconstituting  In mytilus (mussles) collected from a mid-tide position, the type 1 and type 2 make up 90% of the total.  
• What is the MDTW Mean proportion of tubule width covered by digestive cell cytoplasm 

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