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Psychologie (Subject) / functional task 3 (Lesson)

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• Organization of the cerebellum CEREBROCEREBELLUM general largest subdivision Planning of movement and sensory feedback of motor movements Coordination of voluntary movements Cognitive, emotional control
• organzation of the cerebellum CEREBROCEREBELLUM Input input from cerebral cortex --> M1, PMA, S1, S2, cross midline before entering middle cerebellar peduncle
• organization of the cerebellum CEREBROCEREBELLUM output cerebrocerebellum --> dentate nucleus --> PMA & Association cortex (via superior peduncle; crosses midline in caudal midbrain --> Thalamus) + Projections to red nucleus --> Inferior olive (Feedback loop)
• organization of the cerebellum SPINOCEREBELLUM general Vermis + Paramedial zone vermis: movement of proximal muscles lateral part: movement of distal muscles
• organization of the cerebellum SPINOCEREBELLUM input receives input from spinal cord & from face & topographically mapped visual & auditory signals  
• organization of the cerebellum SPINOCEREBELLUM output spinocerebellum --> interposed nuclei (superior peduncle--> thalamic circuits & motor regions) & fastigal nuclei (inferior peduncle --> reticular formation and vestibular complex) --> M1 + Brainstem (directed towards upper motor neurons)
• organization of the cerebellum VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM general caudal inferior lobes flocculus & nodulus Regulates balance, posture, eye movements
• organization of the cerebellum VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM input receives input from vestibular nucleus in brainstem --> ipsilateral and via inferior olive
• organization of the cerebellum VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM output vestibulocerebellum --> vestibular nuclei --> motor neurons ( via inferior peduncle --> vestibular complex)
• cerebellar peduncles SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE efferent pathway  originates in deep cerebellar nuclei --> projects to upper motor nuerons in superior colliculus --> relay in dorsal thalamus --> M1 and PMA
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• cerebellar peduncles MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE afferent pathway cell bodies of arriving axons are located in base of contralateral pons --> cross midline before entering cerebellum 
• cerebellar peduncles INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE afferent & efferent  afferent: from vestibular nuclei, spinal cord & tegmentum  efferent: to vestibular nuclei, reticular formation 
• primary function of cerebellum influences movements by modifying activity patterns of uppter motor neurons detects differences between intended & actual movement --> motor error --> correct movement and helps learning 
• cerebellar ataxia difficulty in producing smooth, well-coordinated movements cerebellumg can not correct ongoing movements
• creutzfeldt-jakob disease cerebellar ataxia, seizures, dementia spongiform degeneration in cortex of cerebellum and cerebrum 
• damage to vestibulocerebellum impaired ability to stand upright and maintain direction of gaze (nystagmus)
• damage to spinocerebellum difficulty controlling walking movements dysdiadochokinesia: difficulty performing rapid alternating movements dysmetria: over- and under reaching action or intention tremors: over-and undershooting of the movement due to disruption of the mechanism for detecting and correcting movement errors 
• damage to cerebrocerebellum impairment in highly skilled sewuences and learned movements (speech, instruments,...)

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