USMLE / Lesson

Kaplan - Microbiology

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Kaplan

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  • Antigenic variation
    Changing surface antigens to avoid immune destruction - N. gonorrhoeae – pili and outer membrane proteins - Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense and gambiense – phase variation  - Enterobacteriaceae – capsular and flagellar antigens - HIV, influenza – antigenic drift
  • Important normal flora
    Cutaneous surfaces including urethra and outer ear: Staphylococcus epidermidis- Also: S. aureus, Corynebacteria, streptococci Nose: Staphylococcus aureus- Also: S. epidermidis, Corynebacteria, streptococci Oropharynx: Viridans streptococci including Strep. mutans- Also: nonpathogenic Neisseria, nontypeable Hemophilus, Candida Gingival crevices: Anaerobes (Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, Prevotella) Stomach: None Colon: Bacteroides/Prevotella, Escherichia, Bifidobac erium Vagina: Lactobacillus
  • Gram-positive rods (aerobic or facultative anaerobic)
    - Bacillus - Listeria - Corynebacterium - Nocardia
  • Gram-positive rods (anaerobic)
    - Clostridium - Actinomyces - Propionibacterium - Lactobacillus
  • Gram-negative cocci
    - Neisseria - Moraxella
  • Gram-negative rods (anaerobic)
    - Bacteroides - Prevotella - Fusobacterium
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