USMLE (Subject) / Kaplan - Microbiology (Lesson)

Kaplan

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• Antigenic variation Changing surface antigens to avoid immune destruction - N. gonorrhoeae – pili and outer membrane proteins - Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense and gambiense – phase variation  - Enterobacteriaceae – capsular and flagellar antigens - HIV, influenza – antigenic drift
• Important normal flora Cutaneous surfaces including urethra and outer ear: Staphylococcus epidermidis- Also: S. aureus, Corynebacteria, streptococci Nose: Staphylococcus aureus- Also: S. epidermidis, Corynebacteria, streptococci Oropharynx: Viridans streptococci including Strep. mutans- Also: nonpathogenic Neisseria, nontypeable Hemophilus, Candida Gingival crevices: Anaerobes (Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, Prevotella) Stomach: None Colon: Bacteroides/Prevotella, Escherichia, Bifidobac erium Vagina: Lactobacillus
• Gram-positive rods (aerobic or facultative anaerobic) - Bacillus - Listeria - Corynebacterium - Nocardia
• Gram-positive rods (anaerobic) - Clostridium - Actinomyces - Propionibacterium - Lactobacillus
• Gram-negative cocci - Neisseria - Moraxella
• Gram-negative rods (anaerobic) - Bacteroides - Prevotella - Fusobacterium

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