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Fundamentals (Subject) / Stem cells (Lesson)
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- What is a stem cell by definition? Stem of a lineage of cells
- What kind of self-renewal processes of SC are there? 1. Obligatory asymmetric replicationMother (OG) and daughter (differentiated) cell 2. Stochastic differentiation One SC develops into 2 differentiated daughter cells, another SC undergoes mitosis and produces 2 SC (OG)
- How do SC persist into adulthood? long-term self-renewal to generate descendents life-long
- What are hematopoietic SC? give rise to blood cells multipotent self-renewing very slow & only 5 generations
- What are embriyonic SC? pluripotent unlimited self-renewal lineage bias are possible in vivo
- What kind of potential do SC have regarding their progeny? possibly different progeny of cells in vitro than in vivo
- What are the basics of SC research (AD)? Differentiation into required cell/neuron type (i.e. AD --> forebrain neurons)Compare patients to control cells Problem: only 1 cell type in vitro; possibly side effects on other cell types or interaction with immune system
- What is reprogramming? = forcing cells towards a specific lineage/fate used to generate stem cells (induced pluripotent cells or induced neuronal SC) Used to generate differentiated cells (i.e. induced neurons) maintains cellular age
- What are characteristics of adult neural SC? limited in the range of neuronal progeny generate only specific subtypes same in development regionalisation limits types of nerons produced from NSCs
- What are exogenus sources of SC? fetal cells; embriyonic stem cells / induced pluripotent cells Transplantation (for example neuronal repair)
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- What are endogenous sources of SC? adult neuronal SC
- What are advantages of NS-derived cells? no remnant pluripotent cells other cell types are an advantage
- Advantages of IPS/ES-derived cells? often better differentiation homogenous populations possible
- Is it possible to integrate new neurons in the aduld brain? Properly specified neurons from the embryo integrate with exquisite specifity into an adult neuronal circiut that does NOT normally integrate new neurons: functional integration of fetal derived neurons into cerebral cortex circuitry endogenous cells dont work well here: wrong neronal subtype, dont mature well, die
- Direct neuronal reprogramming? high efficiency conversion into neurons from dividing gliacells after injury in the adult brain BUT Mutations of genome ---> need to be replaced Proliferating astrocytes perform beneficial functions (other than target cells)