Englisch (Fach) / Regional Studies Ireland & Scotland Enlightenment (Lektion)

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• Enlightenment? Thomas Aitkenhead 1696, tried for Blasphemy  “rhapsody of feigned and ill-invented nonsense”  Begged for mercy, hung on January 8th, 1697  “It is a principle innate and co-natural to every man to have an insatiable inclination to the truth, and to seekfor it as for hid treasure.”
• Enlightenment 1730s? - 1790? Increased focus on education 1500s ❖ Political tensions eased after 1707, 1715, and 1745 uprisings ❖ Universities in Scotland ❖ “it was a very social Enlightenment and it was lubricated by alcohol” - T.M. Devine
• David Hume 1711-76 "Generally speaking, the errors in religion are dangerous; those in philosophy only ridiculous.” ❖ A Treatise of Human Nature 1738 ❖ Denied professorship ❖ History of England 1754 -61
• Robert Burns 1759 - 96 ❖ Son of farmers ❖ Well educated, avid reader ❖ Ploughman Poet, romanticism ❖ Moves to Jamaica and works as a book keeper
• Adam Smith 1723-90 ❖ Wealth of Nations 1776 ❖ Lecturer at University of Edinburgh ❖ Professor in Logic at Glasgow ❖ End of Enlightenment?
• Alison Rutherford 1710 - 94 Married to Patrick Cockburn ❖ Poet and Socialite ❖ “The Flowers O The Forest” ballad ❖ ”the most extraordinary genius of a boy I ever saw”
• Highland Clearances 1746 - 1880 ❖ Heritable Jurisdictions Act of 1746❖ Improvers - make land more profitable 1760s"Improvement" was the term used by landlords to describe the introduction of new farming systems to their property, which usually resulted in the eviction of existing tenants. ❖ 1780 demand and price for wool increases❖ Clans people move to the coast, kelp farming❖ Simple to brutal❖ Patrick Seller❖ 1792 Year of the Sheep❖ mass emigration to Canada and the US❖ Stain on Scottish history - destroys Highland culture
• Industrial Revolution 1780 - 1850 ❖ James Craig- architect, New Town in Edinburgh 1766 ❖ James Watt, Steam Engine 1769 ❖ Ideas from Enlightenment + increase in population in cities ❖ Factories built due to mechanization, Spinning Jenny: multi-spindle spinning frame ❖ Mining increases ❖ Atlantic trade, tobacco
• “Nature intended that population should be diffused over the soil in proportion to its extent. We have accumulated in huge cities and smothering manufacturies the numbers which should be spread over the face of a country and what wonder that they should be corrupted? We have turned healthful and pleasant brooks into morasses and pestiferous lakes." Sir Walter Scott on the Industrial Revolution
• The Beginnings of Radicalism 1790s ❖ Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man (1791)❖ Government should support natural and civil rights❖ Approx. 5% were allowed to vote❖ Radicals, mainly trade workers, start to assemble❖ Government convicts leaders to transportation
• The Beginnings of Radicalism (1816) ❖ William Cobbett and Major John Cartwright❖ Cobbett critiques industrial society in Political Register❖ Cartwright argued for reform of parliament>>  He believed that reforming Parliament and abolishing the rotten boroughs would help to end the poverty of farm labourers, and he attacked the borough-mongers, sinecurists and "tax-eaters" relentlessly. ❖ Time of economic depression and high food prices❖ Thrushgrove (Glasgow), October, 40,000 people❖ Petitioning government fails
• Secret Societies ❖ Formed due to lack of change❖ Alliances with radicals in England❖ Reports of societies arming themselves❖ Government steps in to prevent uprising❖ Leadership in Glasgow arrested and jailed (26)❖ Ends moderate and middle class support
• 1819 ❖ Economic depression returns❖ Joseph Brayshaw - Union Societies❖ Create a drop in tax revenue and destroy the Government❖ Universal Suffrage (=allgemeines Wahlrecht) demanded❖ Societies provided political education and organization
• Peterloo Massacre The Peterloo Massacre occurred at St Peter's Field, Manchester, England, on 16 August 1819, when cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000–80,000 who had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. Shortly after the meeting began local magistrates called on the military authorities to arrest Hunt and several others on the hustings with him, and to disperse the crowd. Cavalry charged into the crowd with sabres drawn, and in the ensuing confusion, 15 people were killed and 400–700 were injured. The massacre was given the name Peterloo in an ironic comparison to the Battle of Waterloo, which had taken place four years earlier. The Six Acts aimed at suppressing any meetings for the purpose of radical reform
• The Radical War ❖ Societies form underground again❖ April 1, 1820, distribution of Address to the Inhabitants ofGreat Britain and Ireland❖ Unity of classes, Army to stop supporting despotism,workers to refrain from working until rights weregiven❖ Armed uprising to follow❖ Signal to start coordinated uprising❖ Plans aborted on April 4th❖ Battle of Bonnymuir❖ Andrew Hardie and John Baird❖ “Scotland Free or a Desert” - James Wilson marches towardsGlasgow❖ Three are executed, transportation, employers deny jobs❖ Cooperation between Scots and English
• “almost the whole population of the [Glasgow] working classes have obeyed the orders contained in the treasonable proclamation by striking work” – Lord Provost Monteith reporting to the Home Office Radical War
• Reform Act 1832 ❖ Changes voting rights❖ From 4,500 to 65,000 men❖ Scotland gains 8 seats❖ Redefines who is able to vote, middle class nowincluded❖ Largely an appeasement measure and to retain control❖ Breaking up of land into 10£ units
• Victorian Era ❖ 1832 reform act❖ Queen Victoria’s reign 1837-1901❖ Industrialization❖ Wealth accumulation, extravagance❖ Midst of Romanticism
• The Unromantic Victorian Era ❖ Increase in distinction between classes❖ R.D. Baxter, economist, 70% of working population were low skilled or unskilled❖ 50£ per year❖ Sparks mass emigration❖ 2mil between 1830-1914, 600,000 more to England
• Chartists (Chartism) ❖ The People’s Charter 1838❖ universal suffrage, abolition of property qualifications, secret ballots, equal districts❖ 1839 Charter voted down 235 - 46❖ Membership increases, Chartist churches formed❖ Petition fails again in 1842❖ Finally start to receive voting rights in 1868
• Tay Bridge Disaster 1879 ❖ Designed by Thomas Bouch, 1878❖ Did not account for wind loading❖ December 28, 1879, violent storm, 120km/h winds❖ Bridge collapses as train crosses, 75 believed dead, no survivors
• Battle of the Braes 1882 ❖ Crofters on Skye refuse to payrent❖ Served eviction notices bysheriff, force him to burn thenotices❖ 50 policemen show up vs. 100crofters and are attacked❖ Public sympathy, more rightsfor crofters
• “To promote a woman to bear rule, superiority, dominion, or empire, above any realm, nation or city, is repugnant to nature, contumely to God, a thing most contrarious to his revealed will and approved ordinance; and, finally, it is the subversion of all equity and justice” –John Knox - the opening sentence of "The First Blast ofthe Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women"(1558)
• Dr. James Barry 1789ish - 1865 Received MD from University of Edinburgh Becomes an army doctor, serves throughout the world First successful C-section in Africa Pioneered sanitary conditions Inspector General of Hospitals Great with patients Dies of dysentery born as Margaret Ann Bulkley Travels to Edinburgh in 1809 with her mother Enrolls at the University of Edinburgh to study literature and medicine Demands for her funeral Discovered on examination that she was female Feminist and/or Transgender
• Dr Sophia Jex-Blake 1840-1912 Strict, conservative parents 1861 studies education 1862 visits Germany 1865 US 1869 admitted to study medicine in Edinburgh Admission to university is rescinded Fights to regain admission Surgeon’s Hall Riot and the Edinburgh 7, 1870 Finishes studies in Switzerland in 1877, passes exams in Dublin Founds The London School of Medicine for Women Edinburgh practice 1878
• “All we had done towards opening up the medical profession to women was due mainly to Miss Jex-Blake, who had got all the abuse because she had done all the work—in fact all along she had done the work of three women or … of ten men!” –Edith Pechey, friend and one of the Edinburgh Seven
• Dr. Margaret Todd 1859 - 1918 Attends Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women 1886 Writes a novel while at university, Mona Maclean, Medical Student Dr. Jex- Blake moves in after retirement Publishes The Life of Sophia JexBlake 1918 Commits suicide Sept. 1918
• Elsie Inglis 1864-1917 1894 Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women Maternity hospital for poor 1906 Scottish Women’s Suffragette Federation Setup Women’s hospital units during WWI
• Mary Barbour Political activist Organises protest against rents Glasgow Rent Strikes, 1915 Prevent officers from entering buildings 20,000 protesters Rent Restrictions Act 1915
• Women’s Suffrage 1903 Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) Emmeline Pankhurst During WWI campaigning and protests were largely suspended 1918 Women over 30 and men over 21 gain the right to vote - Representation of the People Act 1928 full voting rights
• Home Rule Bills Under the Act of Union 1800 the separate Kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain were merged on 1 January 1801, to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. throughout 19th century the Irish revolted against that (violently) --> tried to restore the Kingdom of Ireland intended to grant self-government and national autonomy to the whole of Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and reverse parts of the Acts of Union 1800 1886 1st bill introduced--> Irish Unionists form 1893 2nd bill, passes House of Commons 1912 3rd bill passes, implementation delayed in 1914 due to WWI
• Sinn Féin 1905 Arthur Griffith, founder “We Ourselves” Supported IRA (Irish Republican Army) the largest nationalist party in the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the second-largest overall
• Ulster Volunteer Force Formed in 1913, block Home Rule Ulster Unionists, feared rule by Catholic dominated Dublin as a response the Irish Volunteers were founded in 1913-->Supported Home Rule-->Both groups fight in WWI and both begin importing large amounts of weapons
• Easter Rising and IRA April 24 - 29, 1916 was launched by Irish republicans to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent Irish Republic while the United Kingdom was heavily engaged in the First World War. It was the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of 1798, and the first armed action of the Irish revolutionary period. Led by Patrick Pearse (Irish Volunteers) and James Connoly Irish Volunteers seize Dublin’s post office on Easter Monday British respond quickly 400 deaths Pearse agreed to an unconditional surrender on Saturday 29 April, although sporadic fighting continued until Sunday, when word reached the other rebel positions Most of the leaders of the Rising were executed following courts-martial Beginning of Irish Republican Army
• Partition, Government of Ireland Act 1920 Home Rule in the south, parliament in Dublin--> 4th home rule bill 26 Counties, Irish Free State (Southern Ireland) 6 Primarily Protestant counties in the north would remain as a part of the UK, parliament in Belfast (Northern Ireland)
• Irish Free State Treaty 1921  established Southern Ireland as a Free State treaty ended the three-year Irish War of Independence between the forces of the self-proclaimed Irish Republic, the Irish Republican Army (IRA), and British Crown forces. Civil War 1922 British forces leave Ireland Violence escalates Free State soldiers (National army) vs. Irregulars (IRA, against treaty) Free State supported by England wins
• Republic of Ireland 1948 Full indepence in 1948 Went into effect April 18, 1949
• Civil Rights, NICRA 1967 Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association End discriminatory laws and practices against Catholics The Troubles 1968 - 1998--> 3,600 deaths, 48,000 injured
• The Troubles 1960s conflict in Northern Ireland during the late 20th century. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict key issue was the constitutional status of Northern Ireland. Unionists/loyalists, who are mostly Protestants and have British nationality (along with the rest of those from Northern Ireland), want Northern Ireland to remain within the United Kingdom. Irish nationalists/republicans, who are mostly Catholics, want Northern Ireland to leave the United Kingdom and join a united Ireland. More than 3,500 people were killed in the conflict IRAUVF

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