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Abnormal Psychology (Fach) / Definitions (Lektion)

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• acute stress disorder - short-lived anxiety reaction to a traumatic event - if it lasts more than a month --> PTSD
• agonist - drug that stimulates receptors normally specific to a particular neurotransmitter
• agoraphobia - anxiety disorder in which the person fears situations in which it would be embarassing or difficult to escape if panic symptoms occured - most commonly diagnosed in some individuals with panic disorder
• allele one of the various forms of a particular gene
• alogia - negative symptom in schizophrenia - marked by poverty of speech
• amygdala - subcortical strcuture of the temporal lobe - involved in attention to emotionally salient stimuli and memory of emotionally relevant events
• anhedonia - negative symptom in schizophrenia / symptom in depression - loss of interest and pleasure
• antagonist - drug that dampens the effect of a neurotransmitter on its receptors
• anticipatory pleasure - expected or anticipated pleasure for events, people, activities in the future
• anxiety disorders - disorders in which fear or anxiety is overriding and the primary disturbance - include: phobic disorders, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, agoraphobia
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• anxiolytics - minor tranquilizers or benzodiazepines used to treat anxiety disorders
• asociality - negative symptom of schizophrenia - inability to form close relationships and to feel intimacy
• association studies - type of molecular genetics study where researchers examine the relationsship between a specific allele of a gene and a trait or behaviour in the population
• attachment theory - type or style an infant´s attachment to his or her caregivers can set the stage for psychological health or problems later in development
• avolition - negative symptom in schizophrenia - lack of interest and drive
• behavior genetics - study of indiv. differences in behavior that are attributable to differences in genetic make-up
• behavioral activation therapy clinical approach to depression that seeks to increase participation in positively reinforcing activities
• benzodiazepines any of ceveral drugs commonly used to treat anxiety, such as Valium or Xanac
• bipolar I disorder - diagnosis defined on at least one lifetime episode of mania - most people also experience episodes of major depression
• bipolar II disorder - form of bipolar disorder - diagnosed in those who have experienced at least one major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania
• blunted affect - neg. symptom in schizophrenia - involves a lack of outward expression of emotion
• BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) - signal detected by fMRI studies of the brain - measures blood flow and thus neural activity in particular regions
• brief psychotic disorder - disorder in which a person has a sudden onset of psychotic symptoms: --> incoherence, loose associations, delusions, hallucinations - immediately after a severely disturbing event - symptom lasts 1 day - 1 month
• catatonia - constellation of schizophrenia symptoms including: - gestures and almost manic increase in overall activity level - can also manifest itself as immobility, with a fixity of posture maintained for long periods, ..., waxy flexibility
• cognitive enhancement therapy (CET) = cognitive training - treatment seeks to improve basic cogn. functions such as verbal learning ability in people with schizophrenia, meanwhile reducing symptoms as well
• cogn. restructuring - any behavior therapy procedure tha attempts to alter the manner in which a client thinks about life so that he or she changes overt behavior and emotions
• compulsion - irresistible impulse to repeat an irrational act or thought over and over again
• construct validity extent to which scores or ratings on an assessment instrument relate to other variables or behaviors according to some theory or hypothesis
• consummatory pleasure pleasure experienced in the moment or in the presence of a pleasurable stimulus
• copy number variations (CNV) refers to variation in gene structure involving copy number changes in a defined chromosomal region could be in the form of a deletion where a copy is deleted or an addition (duplication) where an extra copy is added
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• cyclothymic disorder form of bipolar disorder characterized by swings between elation and depression over at least a two-year period, but with moods not to severe as manic oder major depressive episodes
• delusional disorder disorder in wich the indiv. has persistent delusions and is very often contentious but has no disorganized thinking or hallucinations
• diathesis predisposition toward a disease or abnormality
• diathesis-stress as applied in psychopathology, a view that assumes that individuals predisposed toward a particular psychological disorder will be particularly affected by stress and will then manifest abnormal behavior
• disorganized symptoms broad category of symptoms in schizophrenia that include disorganized speech, disorg. thinking, disorg. behavior.
• electroconvulsive therapy treatment that induces a convulsion by passing electric current through the brain despite public concerns about this treatment, it can be usefull in alleviating profound depression
• expressed emotion hostility, criticism and emotional overinvolvement directed from other people toward the patient, usually within family
• external validity extent to which the results of a study can be considered generalizable
• gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibitory neurotransmitter that may be involved in the anxiety disorders
• generalized anxiety disorder disorder characterized by chronic, persistent anxiety and worry
• genome-wide association studies (GWAS) studies of variations in the entire human genome to identify associations between variations in genes and particular behaviors, traits or disorders large sample sizes needed
• gray matter neural tissue (mostly nerve cell bodies) that constitutes parts of the cortex
• HPA axis neuroendocrine connections between hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal cortex central to the body´s response to stress
• hypomania extremely happy or irritable mood accompanied by symptoms such as increased energy and decreased need for sleep, but without the significant functional impairment associated with mania
• incidence in epidemiological studies of a particular disorder, the rate at which new cases occur in a given place at a given time (mostly lifespan)
• interoceptive conditioning classical conditioning of panic attacks in response to internal bodily sensations of arousal (as opposed to the external situations that trigger anxiety)
• major depressive disorder disorder of individuals who have experienced episodes of expressions but not mania episodes marked by sadness or loss of pleasure, accompanied by symptoms such as feelings of worthlessness and guilt, withdrawal from others, loss of sleep, appetite or sexual desire, and either lethargy or agitation
• molecular genetics studies that seek to determine the components of a trait that are heritable by identifying relevant genes and their functions
• negative symptoms behavioral deficits in schizophrenia include affect, anhedonia, asociality, alogia, avolition
• polymorphism any specific difference in DNA sequence that exists within a population

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