Cognitive Psychology (Fach) / Chapter 6 (Lektion)

Working memory

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• What is the evidence for a difference between short term and long term memory ? Some amnesics may suffer damage in one store but retain everything fully in another store. 
• What is the phonological loop ? A hypothetical component of working memory that is assumed to provide brief storage for verbally presented items.
• Which loop is assumed to be very important in the use and development of language? The phonological loop. 
• Which loop is assumed to be very important in the use and development of language? The phonological loop. 
• What are important elements of the dual-store theory of memory? Short term memory, rehersal, long term memory, retrieval,  (STM store is also used when information are retrieved from long term memory-> That was often not included in other models) 
• According to the dual- store memory, is the short term meory store important for retrieval? Yes, according to that model. The short term meory store is important for both the input AND the output of memories. 
• Short term memory as a concious workplace, what does that mean? For example in the dual-store theory, the short term meory is seen to be involved in both the input and output of memories. It means that everything that we are constantly thinking about is short term memory... 
• The store for items being held in concious awareness is named what ? Short term memory store. 
• What was new in the "dual storage model" compared to other models ? The role of short term memory was slightly different.  Before it was just seen as a "one way" method -> Incoming information were held in short term memory first and then made their way into long term memory. However, in that newer theory short term memory is involved in both incoming information and retrieval. 
• Accoding to Atkinson and Shiffrin, what is the only way to hold information in short term memory? Rehearsal. 
• Does the dual store memory decribe memory as a single entity? Noo according to that theory the biig part of memoery consists of short term and long term memory.
• is the sensory memory store big or small ? Small 
• Over the years, has evidence supported or not supported the idea of the dual process theory ? Supported. But thats not a supprise because James ( who had the idea) is such a genious. 
• What is organic amnesia? People who suffer from memory impairements due to physical damage. 
• The idea of the dual store theory has been suppored by patients suffering from what ? Amnesia. 
• That people with organic amnesia, cannot bild long term memory but are okay in using their short term memory is support for what theory? The dual store theory 
• Maybe amnesic patients are not good for much because they are unable to store new long term memories but what theory did they support by that behaviour? The dual store theory
• What is the difference between proactive and retroactive inference? In retroactive inference people have something storen in memory, new input comes and the dissapearance of memories is explained through the inference of the new information.  Proactive inference means that you have been learning something else BEFORE you learn the target. The disappearance of memories is due to what you have been learning BEFORE! 
• What are the recency and the primancy effect ? [chapter Long term memory]  It means that memory of an item depends on its position in a list. People are more likely to remember something if it is at the beginning or the end of something. 
• What is the serial position effect [From long term memory chapter] ? That effect sais that memory performance is affected by the serial position of an item in a list. 
• What does Digit span mean? Tests immediate memory span 
• Can one memory store be damaged and the other intact? Yes. Thats what happens in people with e.g. organic amnesia. Their long term storage is unable to take up new information where their working memory is okay. 
• What has the recency effect to do with short term memory? And why has the recency effect also been mentionned in the chapter of long term memory? In the chapter of long term memory it was used because it was found that the most recent items of an item list [but also the first items -> primacy effect] are better remembered that items in the middle.  First the recency effect was explained by the inference theory ( review proactive and retroactive inference) The idea of working memory gave an explanation for that recency effect; it sais that the last few items are probably remembered because they are still in STM. 
• What proved that the recency effect is likely to be explained by STM rather than by inference theory? Because if people were given another tasks for the next 30 seconds after they finished repeating the list, they were likely to have forgotten the last items of the list. That gives us reason to think that before people had items stored in STM. 
• How is short term memory CaPACITY tested ? By a digit span test. You read digits and are asked to repead them straight away. Normally people can hold 7 digits in STM. 
• What happens if ,even a very few items, are prevented from being rehearsed? They are forgotten really easily !
• Most items in STM are forgotten within three to four seconds if the subject is not repeated, true or false? True
• In the context of working memory, it is said that they think working memory can be divided into two shrot term sores rather than just one. What are they ? Phonological loop and visuo spacial sketchpad
• Is the phonological loop said to be responsable for auditory or visual input? Auditory.
• Two working memory tasks disrupt each other when ? When one task ist auditory and the other is visually. ... 
• If someone is asked to perform two auditory tasks at the same time, why is that not easily possible ? The two auditory information are competing for space in the phonological loop. 
• What works better two auditory stimuli together or one auditory and one visual and why? The working memory is assumed to consist of two store one visual and one auditory. We can perform good if the input we receive come from one each because they can be processed in the different stores.  However, if they are from the same sort of input we do worse because that input in competing about storage space. 
• It was concluded that the working memory must have different stores for auditory and visually information. What are the names for those ? Phonological loop, visual spacial sketchpad
• What is "articulatory suppression"? Uses up peoples ability to rehearse other auditory input. 

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