Cognitive Psychology (Fach) / Glossary (Lektion)

---

Diese Lektion wurde von Janina erstellt.

Lektion lernen

zurück  |  weiter 2 / 2

• Contention Scheduling A term used by Normal and Shallice to describe an operation which prevents two competing activated schemas from being selected on the basis of the strength of their inition activation.
• Controlled processing Processing that is under conscious control, and which is a relatively slow,voluntary process (contrasts with automatic processing)
• Covert attending Visual attending without moving the eyes or head.
• Data limited Processes that are limited by stimulus quality rather than by investment of cognitive resources.
• Declarative memory Memory that can be reported in a deliberate and conscious way (contrasts with procedural memory)
• Deductive reasoning task A problem that has a well-defined structure in a system of formal logic where the conclusion is certain.
• Deep dyslexia A specific pattern of dyslexic symptoms characterised by semantic errors, visual errors, difficulty reading non words and function words.
• Deep dysphasia A specific pattern of aphasic symptoms in which the person is likely to make semantic errors when repeating words back, has more difficulty repeating abspract words than concrete words and is unable to repeat non words.
• Dichotic listening Experimental simulation of cocktail- party phenomenon in which separate messages are presented to the two ears simultaneously via headphones.
• Diencephalon A brain structure which includes the thalamus and hypothalamus. Parts of the diencephalon are involved in processing and retrieving memories, and damage to these structures can cause dementia.
• Digit span A measure of the largest number of digits which an individual can recall when tested immediately after their presentation. Widely used as a test of capacity of the phonological components of working memory.
• Direct perception Perception without need for top-down processing.
• Discourse A set of sentences that are related to one another in a meaningful way.
• Disinhibition Impaired respinse inhibition, an inability to suppress previous incorrect responses observed in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy.
• Distracters In visual search, the background array in which a target is embedded.
• Distributed representation A representation in connectionist models in which each node may partake in the encoding of many features, objects or ideas.
• Divided attention Dividing cognitive researces over two or more tasks simultaneously. ( Contrast with focused attention)
• Dorsal stream Projection from primary visual cortex to the posterior parietal cortex thought to underlie perception of spacial location.
• Double dissociation A method of establishing that two systems are separate, by showing that either system can be impaired whilst the other remains intact.
• Dysexecutive syndrome A collection of deficits observed in frontal lobe patients which may include impaired concentration, impaired concept formation, disinhibition, inflexibility,perseveration, impaired cognitive estimation and impaired strateggyformation.
• Early selection Idea that selection in attention occurs before semantic analysis and at the level of physical characteristics of stimuli.
• Echolalia A marked tendency to repeat what has just been said
• Ecological validity The extent to which the conditions of a research experiment resemble those encountered in real life setting.
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) A treatment used to alleviate depression which involves passing an electric current through the front of the patient's head.
• Encoding The process of transforming a sensory stimulus into a memory trace.
• Encoding specificity principle (ESP) The theory that encoding cues will only be successful in accessing a memory trace if they contain some of the same items of information which were stored with the original trace.
• Episodic buffer A hypothetical component of working memory which integrates information from different sense modalities and provides a link with the LTM.
• Episodic memory Memory for specific episodes and events from personal experienc, occuring in a particular context of time and place (contrast to semantic memory)
• Executive functions Meta-abilities necessary for appropriate social functioning and everyday problem-solving, for example the deployment of attention, self-regulation, insight, planning and goal-directed behaviour.
• Exhaustive search In visual search, a search over all items in the array. (contrasts with self-terminating search)
• Experimental cognitive psychology An approach which involves the use of psychological experiments on human subjects to investigate the ways in which they perceive,learn,remember or think.
• Experimental psychology The scientific testing of psychological processes in human and animal subjects.
• Explicit memory Memory which a subject is able to report consciously and deliberately ( contrast to implicit memory)
• Extended hippocampal complex A system of interconnected structures within the brain, incorporating the hippocampus, anterior thalamus and mammillary bodies, which is involved in the encoding and storage of new memory traces.
• Facilitatory Something that speeds up subsequent processing.
• Familiarity The recognition of an item as one that has been encountered on some previous occation.
• Feature analysis Analysis of visual stimuli in terms of simple visual features such as lines, corners and curves. Occurs fairly early on in visual processing.
• Feature detectors Mechanisms in an information processing device( such as a brain or a computer) which responds to specific features in a pattern of stimulation, such as lines or corners.
• Feature integration theory (FIT) Idea due to Triesman that attention is necessary to re-bind stimulus features into coherent perceptual units after pre-attentive features analysis has occured.
• Feature overlap THe extent to which features of he memory trace stored at input match those available in the retrieval cues. According to the encoding specificity theory successful retrieval requires extensive feature overlap.

zurück  |  weiter 2 / 2