Cognitive Psychology (Fach) / Chapter 4 (Lektion)

Disorders of perception and attention

Diese Lektion wurde von Janina erstellt.

Lektion lernen

zurück  |  weiter 1 / 1

• What does synaesthesia stand for? "to perceive together"
• How did Baron and Cohen test the genuiness of their synaestetic patient EP? They tested whether the colours she presented were stable over time, which would be the case if that person was really experiencing the condition.
• What was used to proof that the synasethesia patients are not lying about their condition? Test- retest consistency.
• What is the most common form of synasestehesia? Individuals experience particular colours when they hear or see words or letters of the alphabet.
• What does it mean that synaesthesia is a unidirectional process? It means that the perception only works in one direction. A letter may be perceived as red. But if you see something red that that doesnt mean that you see the letter.
• What forms of synaesthesia are there? - Experience colours when they hear or see words or letters - Feel sounds - See tastes - See musical notes or musical intervals - See colours for familiar faces
• Can synaesthesic experiences also be elicted by only imagination? yes.
• Which two different forms are distinguished in synaethesia? Projector and associator
• Synaesthesia is distinguished into two forms, projector and associator. What does projector mean? Projector means that people experience the colours that they see in the outside world.
• Synaesthesia is distinguished into two forms, projector and associator. What does associator mean? Associator means that people experience the colours in their mind (rather than actually in the outside world)
• What excist more "associators" or "projectors"? About 90 per cent of all synasthetes are associators.
• Out of 2000 people how many suffer from synasthesia? According to Baron and Cohen only 1. More recent research however estimates that there might be ar much as 1 in 20.
• Are there more men or women who have synasthesia? According to Baron-Cohen 80 per cent are female, newer research has said it is faily equal.
• What is the genetic component of synasthesia? There is evidence that genetics play a role in synaesthesia. 1/3 of peole who have it, also have a relative who has it. 50 percent among first degree relatives.
• If it is genetically determined are the precise perceptual experiences also very close among relatives? No.
• Who suggested the condition of synasthesia as a condition " sex-linked dominant with lethality", suggesting that 50 per cent of males born to a mother with the conditionwill die in utero. Is that view supported by newer research? Baron-Cohen have expressed that view. However, it is unsupported by newer research.
• Is concious processing of a stimulus important to elics a synestehic response? YEEES. Withoug conscious processing there is no response.
• If I see the colour pink by hearing the number four. Is it enough to let me calculate 2+2 to induce the colour? Yes. I would be quicker in naming a pink square following thinking of that sum.
• Is unconcious processing enough to indice synstaethesia? Noo.
• For which, projectores or associators, is the synaethetic response to a stimulus more automatic? Projectors. (Stroop task evidence)
• What are suggestions for the reasons of synaesthesia? 1) Baron-Cohen suggest that synaesthesia results from a breakdown in this modularity in the brain. Either by abnormal interconnections which develop between modulesor because the connections which excist in normal infant brains fail to "die out" during early development. ( That suggests that we all start off with being synaethetic) 2) Brain area responsable for colour perception V4 is directly connected with area responsable for reading of visually represented letters. Some propose a cross wiring between those two ares. 3) Disinhibited feedback theory (LSD)
• What does the "Disinhibited feedback theory" say? Suggests that interconnections between sensory pathways excist in normal brains but usually they are inhibited to prevent cross talk between sensory modalities. In people with synaesthesia those pathways are not inhibited. In favour of that hypothesis is that LSD can elict synaesthesia.
• Can LSD elict synaesthesia? yes.
• How would LSD cause syneathesia? According to the "disinhibited feedback theory", it causes synaesthesia through a disinhibition of the connected sensory pathways in the brain. Usually they are inhibited to avoid synaesthetic experiences.
• What does area V4 do in the brain? It's the area for colour perception.
• Which area of the cortex is central to visual perception? The striate cortex which is area V1
• What are scotomata or (plural scotoma)? A blind area within the visual field, resulting from damage to the visual system.
• How does blindness in one visual field of an eye develop? Damage to the left striate cortex will result in blindness in the right visual field of both eyes. These areas are then called scotomata.
• Which letter number combination is given to the striate cortex? V1
• The striate cortex is especially involved i which disorder of perception and attention? Blindsight.
• Where is the striate cortex? http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/Class/IPHY3730/image/figure7-3.jpg
• What is blindsight? Although people with blindsight report no conscious awareness of their experience they can give correct report about aspects of an object.
• What does the stray light hypothesis state? The hypothesis tries to hold against the excistence of blindsight. It states that people who claim to are blindsightes actually perceice incoming light rays in those area in their eye that they can still see with. ( There is evidence against that view)
• What is evidence against the stray light hypothesis? One patient with blindsight was unable to respond accurately to objects that were presented in his blindspot. If the hypothesis was true that patients respond to light that is reflected in the healthy area of their eyes than that patient should also use those ares for their blindspot. However, he was able to see things in their blind area, objects shown to the blind spot were still undetected of him ( as in normal people).
• What does the spared island of residual vision say about blindsight? There might be some"islands" left in the scotoma that enable the individual to see.
• What is the most accepted explanation for blindsight? That we have two separate visual systems, one primitive non-striate system and a more advanced striate system. The primitive non-striate system might be sensitive to movement, speed and other potentially important characteristics of a stimulus without giving rise to conscious perception.
• is having two separate visual systems really an explanation of blindsight? yes.
• What is the most accepted explanation for blindsight? Two visual systems.
• What is unilateral spacial neglect? People fail to react to objects that they can see.
• Does a person with unilateral spacial neglect has impaired vision? No.
• Which part of the brain is damaged to cause unilateral spacial neglect? The contralateral hemisphere.
• Damage to the right hemisphere causes unilateral spacial neglect where? Left spacial neglect.
• What is meant by peri personal space and extra personal space? p. 112
• What is the difference beween blindsight and spacial visual neglect? In blindsight, the puzzle is how patients have knowlegde of stimuli they cannot "see", wheras in neglect the critical question is why patients do not report stimuli which are falling in intact areas of their visual field.
• What does visual agnosia mean translated? "not knowing through vision"

zurück  |  weiter 1 / 1