Cognitive Psychology (Fach) / Chapter 3 (Lektion)

Attention

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• What does FIT stand for? Feature integration theory
• What does the attentional engagement theory say? Degree of similiarity between distracters themselves is important.
• What is the attentional engagement theory? Similiarity between the distractors themselves is important.
• What is the flanker effect? Time taken to understand one word depends on the other words around that word.
• What are the feature integration theory and the attentional engagement theory used for? Both theories are used to explain  visual search tasks.
• At which stage of the feature integration theory (FIT) is attention especially important? At the second stage, the feature combination stage.
• Does the FIT theory explain illusionary conjunctions? yes
• How does the FIT theory explain illusionary conjunctions? Insufficient attention is available, top-down knowledge is insufficient to sesolve ambiguities.
• What is the focus of the Attentional engagement theory? The similiarity of the distractors.
• The attentional engagement theory is a development of which other theory? The feature integration theory.
• According to Posner, people pay attation to locations in space rather than objects. Right or wrong? Right.
• What is attention payed to according to Posner? Locations in space. Not objects.
• What is the other opposide view of Posners "location attending view"? Object based attending view.
• What is unilateral visual neglect? Tendency to ignore objects on one side of space , usually the left side following right hemispheric brain damage.
• Neurological aspects of orienting and negative priming seem to proof what? That both, object and location related attention, is true.
• What is negative priming? Attending to one stimulus while ignoring the other. If the ignored stimulus becomes the target of the next trial. typically about three seconds later, participants respind more slowly than when a completely new stimulus is used.
• What does "inhibition of return" mean? To be successful, attention has to be prevented from returning to recently examined environmental locations.
• What does the mechanism of inhibition of return do? It prevents attentional perseveration or wasteful reexamination of empty or previously checked locations, in visual search or other tasks.
• What are features of automatic processing? - not capacity limited -not affected by limitations of short term memory - not dependend upon attention -difficult to change once learned -inevitable - opposide of controlled processes
• Divided attention. Which three factors influence with what ease two or more tasks can be combined? 1) How similar are the tasks 2) Level of practise the performer has 3) How difficult are the tasks
• What is the difference between mistake and error? Error is an appropriate action that has gone wrong somewhere in its excecution. Mistake is an inappropriate action basen on faulty understanding,inferences or judgements.
• What are the two categories of errors? slip and lapses.
• Whichone is worse an error or a mistake? Mistake because it is a completely inappropriate action.
• What are slips and lapses? Errors
• What is the difference between slips and lapses? Slips are errors itself and lapses is something that you have forgotten (words, to do sthn. etc.)
• Explain place-loosing errors, blends and reversals. ...
• What is attetion according to William James? The holding of something before the mind to the exclusion of all else.
• What is the difference between focused attention and divided attention? In focussed attention, we focus on one aspect. In divided attention our attention is divided over a whole range of inputs from the environment.
• Which types of focussed attention does the chapter mention? Auditory focussed attention and visually focussed attention.
• That both ears are provided with different headphones was most used to test what? Focussed auditory attention
• Which effect was most used to study focused auditory attention? Shadowing.
• What have shadowing and dichoting listening to do with each other? Shadowing depends on dichotic listening, listening to two different sources of information.
• The filter model, early and late selection and the attenuation model belong to which part of the chapter? They are all connected to focused auditory attention.
• Why is the filter model not successful? p.68
• What does semantics mean? The study of words and sentences.
• Which model of focused auditory selection does not account for "switching" of attention? The filter model
• Why does the filter model not account for switching of attention? For switching to take place in a way that is dependend upon the semantic content, or meaning, of the stimulus to which attention is to be switched , then at least some processing of the latter input must have occured.
• The Broadbent Filter model sees that role of attention as ... ? The role of attention is to control the entry into consciousness to avoid cognitive overload.
• Is Broadbents filter model an early selection model or a late selection model? An early selection model.
• What is an early selection model? Filtering takes place at the earliest opportunity in perception usually on the basis of physical attributes.
• Which is to date the best model of focussed auditory attention? The attenuation model.
• Which model of selective auditory attention is not very cognitively ecological? The late selection model. Because every input in that model is processed and only after that is decided which input it important.
• In the late selection model, are ALL stimuli processed in consciousness or outside consciousness? Outside of conscious awareness/ p.70.
• Does variation plays a big role in streaming. Yes or no? Yes.
• In Treismanns attenuation model, which information are attenuated? That part of the model is explained by the capacity and resources of attention. Treismanns model includes that mental capacity is limited. He suggests a "bottleneck" of processing. Stimuli will be attenuated if there is insufficient capacity to process them further or when other stimuli must take priority.
• Which model includes best that mental resources are limited? The Treisman model, the attenuation model.
• Tasks combine readily to the extent that they do not demand the same specific processing resources. True or false? True.

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