Cognitive Psychology (Fach) / Chapter 3 (Lektion)

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• Explain what shadowing is Subjects are exposed to two competing auditory stimuli at the same time. [dichotic listening]. Shadowing involves the subject attending to one of the two competing channelsback aloud.
• Explain the cocktail party phenomenon. People have the ability to concentrate on one single conversation although many other conversations are going on in the surrounding. Altough the people can hold one conversation, they are also able to switch their attention to another source.
• What is dichotic listening? You are listening to two competing auditory input.
• What are channels? In dichotic listening, refers to the subjects ears.
• What is referred to as "messages" in dichotic listening? Information presented on channels
• What is investigated with dichotic listening? Selective attention or divided attention? Divided attention.
• Information to which ear is better processed ? Right or left ? Right.
• What is shadowing? Shadowing involves the subject attending to one of two competing channels and repeating the material presented on that channel back aloud.
• What does "semantic" mean? Wortfeld
• In dichotic listening, what does happen to the unattended message? The semantic meaning of the unattended message is gone, however the basic features of the message are perceived, that is for example whether the message is music or words or the gender of the speaker.  
• What is the functional role of attention? Control entry into consciousness
• Why does is attention important to control the entry into consciousness? To avoid overload
• What is a main feature of the filter model? Selection takes place at an early stage on the basis of physical characteristics.
• What does the filter model mean by claiming that selection takes place on the basis of physical characteristics? It means that your attention is catched by things that have a physical appearance... Lets say when you talk to someone, you see and hear him, therefore your attention is caught.
• For what is the filter model not a good explanation? THe filter model cant explain how switching attention would work. That is, that we switch to another source of attention suddenly because the CONTENT (rather than the physical appearance) has caught our attention.
• What does switching attention depend on ? A) semantic content, meaning B) numbers semantic content
• What is lower physical level or meaning? The physical level. Its just the physical appearance of something without meaning.
• Why does the Filter theory fail to explain switching? Because in attention switching the attention is caught by some meaning and not only the physical appearance of something. However, the filter theory sais that attention is directed towards a physical characteristics.
• What argument holds against the Filter theory? Attentional switching.
• Are there generally a few or a lot of problems with the filter model? A loooot.
• Name a few problems with the filter model. - Does not account for attentional switching. - Unattended channel can be improved with practise. - Subjects chunk the information received on both ears according to content and do not necessarily repeat the information given to each ear. - subliminal perception
• Is the filter model an early selection model or a late selection model? An early selection model. In the Filter model selection takes place at an really early stage on the basis of physical appearance before semantic processing can occur.
• What is a late selection model? All information are processed to the highest level possible, although outside of awareness. All that before a filtering takes place. Then we respond to a stimuli. Those stimuli that are not responded to do not come into conscious awareness.  
• Why is the late selection model called late selection model? Because the selection takes very laaaate place, after all stimuli have been processed to a very high level.
• Why is the late selection model not a good model? Because it is very unlikely that the evolution has equiped us with a process that analyzes all incoming stimuli fully.
• Which model is better than the early and late selection model? The attenual model
• What does "attenuation" mean? Dämpfung, Schwächung
• Which is the most satisfactory model of attention? The attenuation model. ( Das Dämpfungs Model)
• According to the attenuation model, how many stages are involved. Three
• What are the three stages of the attenuation model? - Physical -Linguistic -Meaning
• "Attenuation" in the attenuation model is refered to which channel? The attenuation model sais that the non- attended channel is being attenuated.
• In the attenuation model, what happens to the non.attended channel? It is attenuated like a radio can be dimmed down.
• According to the attenuation model, what happens with incoming information? They undergo three different types of analysis.
• What is the name of the thirs level of analysis in the attenuation model? Semantic- level processing
• In which model is the role of response extremely important? Late selection view because only stimuli that is responded to will come into conscious.
• What does the "streaming hypothesis" say? Two competing sources can be put into two separated streams. One concentrates on one stimulus. If another stimulus comes that is not very distingt from the first one that will be put into a different stream. However, if that stimulus has sufficient variation if cant be put into another stream and we will switch our attention .
• What is a key word in the "Straeming hypothesis"? Variation.
• Why is variation important in the "streaming hypothesis"? Because if enough variation is there, we will be distracted with the second task.
• Tasks combine readily to the extend that they do not demand the same specific processing resources. ...
• Local level attending takes part over global level attending. True or false? False. Global level attending always dominates       FF          FF              FFFFFFFF    FF           FF        Du siehst zuest das H und dann die einzelnen F's.  
• What is the visual search task? You are ask to find a target among distracters.
• Which two types of visual research are there? Simple visual research- target and distracters different Conjoint search- target and distracters similar
• To which visual search does the "pop-out effect" belong? Simple visual search.
• How come that the distracters in simple visual search are sometimes perceived as "blur"? Since the target pops out there is therefore no need to fully process any of the distractors.
• What is conjoint research? Target and distracters share some features.
• What do some people see in conjoint search? Illusory conjunctions
• What are Illusory conjunctions? In Conjoint search that is when participants claim to see a certain combination of item features that did not really excist.
• What is the Feature integration theory (FIT) trying to explain? Explain performance on the simple and conjoint visual search task.
• What are the two stages in FIT ? 1) Feature analysis 2) Feature combination ( attention dependend serial processing required)
• Which stages needs attention in the FIT? The second stage that involves feature combination.

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