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Englisch (Fach) / Anglo-American Cultural Studies (Lektion)

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• Congress - legislative branch (creating bills, can override Presidents possible veto with 2/3 majority)- elections for congress take place every two yearsHouse of Representatives :- 435 members- number of representatives is based on populationof the stateSenate- 100 members (every state 2)- elected for 6 years
• National identity - „I’m citizen of the United States“ the same like „I’m American?“- „nation“ derived from Latin (nacio, nacionis) = place of birth- people tend to identify with places
• Nation as imagined community - nation as community thats imagined, limited and independentimagined: nobody of a nation can personally know anybodylimited: concepts of nations includes other nationsindependent (sovereign): nation is able to control its own destination in a state
• Characteristics, Symbols and expressions of national identity - people are willing to fight for their nation and belief in „national destiny“ (—> manifest destiny)- Stone of Scone: symbol of Scottish Identity, was used in coronation processes of Scottishmonarchs- Monuments like Scottish Parliament (aimed Scottish landscape) and Welsh Assembly- Flags: St. George’s and St. Andrew’s Cross, dragon of Wales, Union Jack as unification of theseobjects, —> it’s possible to interpret them in many ways, they evoke different effects- colors like orange for Dutch dynasty or Protestants, green for the island of Ireland and forCatholics- plants: rose for Houses of York and Lancaster, Diana or Labour party- education: „typical“ values are taught, transferring of a Leitkultur (defining culture)- decimalization: UK gave up it’s ancient currency system on D-Day (Decimal Day) in 1971- metrification: change from Imperial Measurement System to metric system is still in process- —> British identity: British are able to give up complicated monetary system and to adopt asimple one, but with the metrification system it becomes obvious that Britain has problems togive up the old traditional and complicated measurement system as example and expression forBritish property- essentialism: idea that different people form races with fixed and permanent characteristics
• important scholars in cultural studies: Edward Saïd Jerusalem-born intellectual and founding father of postcolonial studies late 20th century book (bible of postcolonial studies) Orientalism criticized false assumptions western researches had about Arab cultures criticized view of the West: The West is rational, democratic, dynamic, progressive; East is irrational, despotic, static and backward
• important scholars in cultural studies: Stuart Hall - Jamaican-born founding fatherof cultural studies- 20th and 21st century- defined British cultural studiesas a discipline- Marxist scholar of mass media,ethnicity, gender and identity
• important scholars in cultural studies: Homi K. Bhabha - Indian-born postcolonialtheorist- 20th and 21st century- focus on identity- argued against a binaryinterpretation of identity presentin writing about identity in apostcolonial world, colonizersand colonized areinterdependent
• Race: race as a set of social and cultural understandings about human difference -understandings that are malleable and ever changing
• Ethnicity: social grouping based upon shared culture and custom; often used as subcategory ofrace; religion often part of this concept
• Nationality:  grouping of people based upon geographical and/or political boundaries
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• Race/Racism: the belief that human beings can be meaningfully categorized into racial groups anddesignated as superior or inferior on the basis of those characteristics
• Ethnicity/Ethnocentrism: regarding one’s own ethnic group as better than another
• Nationality/Nationalism: believing that one’s national grouping is superior to all others
• Charlie Chaplin „Modern Times“ - Forms of power:a) physical powerb) institutional powerc) social powerd) ideological power (efficiency instead of creativity)e) emotional powerf) state power—> system gives a really tiny room = management of time and space; discipline, monitoringchecking of people, creating of a competition
• Gender: Important persons: - Mary Warstonecraft: author of declaration of the rights of woman claimed that woman are asrational as man- Elisabeth Cady Stanton: Co-author, initiator and signer of the Declaration of Sentiments, whichstates that all men and woman are created equal, composed in the year 1848- Bell Hooks (Gloria Jean Watkins): female African-American feminist- Judith Butler: founder of the queer theory (there is no clearly defined border between male andfemale —> bisexuality, metrosexuality, pansexuality)LBGT = Lesbian, Bisexuals, Gays, Transgenders
• Judith Butler: „sex“ as construct „Maybe sex isn’t a given fact outside of our influence, maybe sex too is a social, historical, andcultural category“queer theory: „calls into question the idea that certain forms of sexuality like heterosexuality arenatural. […] gender and sex aren’t given ‚facts‘ or ‚nouns‘ outside of our culture but come intoexistence only be being ‚performed‘ and thus are ‚verbs‘.“—> „masculinity and femininity aren’t essential characteristics but occur in varying degrees and arematters of representation“
• Gender Studies: - construction of gender and sex- historical development of concepts on sex and gender- political and social aspects / movements of „minority“ groups- identity studies- feminism, masculinity, queer studies- „body“ -studies- power and gender …
• Declaration of Sentiments Seneca Falls Convention (One of the first woman’s right convention on national level)- Seneca Falls 1848- „Declaration of Sentiments“ or „Declaration of Rights and Sentiments“- Aim: enfranchisement /suffrage for woman- Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony- man: role of Jehova God (similar to the fact that King George acted like God, too) social andreligious degradation of woman- woman: compared themselves to the forme colonies: unbalanced power because of norepresentation, sam injustice, woman should have same liberties- demands: right to vote, access to education, representation in legislation, right of property,fair divorce laws and payment, access to ministry (religious context), medicine and and lawjobs
• male/female dichotomy: oppositional, mutually exclusive, two party of a whole, clear distinction,no overlap
• Sex - biological category: genitals, hormones,reproductive system- intersex/ hermaphrodites (male + femalecharacteristics)- sexual orientation: homosexuality,heterosexuality, bisexuality, asexuality- pansexuality?
• Gender - historical, cultural and social concept ofdifferentiation- acquired, performed- behavioral
• Media: Mark Pensky: - digital natives: grown up with digital technologies- digital immigrants: (have to) believe in the digital technology
• newspaper/television: - leeds to/ show racial prejudice —> moral panic- express of power and identity
• role of audience: - possible public comments on articles online- „citizen, journalists and I-Reporter“- increasing democracy or less quality journalism?- encoding of television sets are decoded by audience —> different interpretations due to class,education and ethnicity
• global village: - increased understanding among people- increased communication- but: shared media experiences such as 9/11
• Media: past: - common sharing of experiences- but: reflection only of the majority white middle.class nuclear family —> 1950s and 60s
• Web 2.0: - indicate interactive audience (active audience of creators)- Youtube, blogs, wikipedia- user in focus- idea of national borders seem absurd in the virtual world- national identity ist still important
• digitopians: - digital democracy in future- ideals of free flow of information, knowledge sharing, justice and community- VS dumbing down humankind? middles image? —> dramatic chance in Space and time
• Media: Marshal McLuhan: - media studies 20th century- „the medium is the message“- „global village“- New Criticism- predicted the Internet
• Religion: Diversity US:- huge diversity of Protestantism,different denomination(examples: Amish, Methodists,Mormons, etc)- dominance of christianity UK:- several religions of immigrantsfrom former colonies (Hindus,Moslems, Sikhs, etc.)- one state church, protestantchurches, roman catholicchurch
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• Religion: seperation between state and church US:- oficial separated- elements of religion in daily political life- civil religion: combination of faith and democracy UK:- no real separation- state church- Queen ist head pf anglican church- Queen: Defender of THE faith
• Religion: religious freedom US:- given- 1st amendment in US constitution (first 10 amendments = BoR) UK:- given- in history often not (monarch couldn’t be catholic)
• Religion: religious persecution US:- UK:- religious fights between several groups (moslems)
• Religion: religious practice US:- great importance of religion in daily life, a lot of church communities- important role in community life UK:- little importance in daily life, just for important ceremonies- „hatch, match, dispatch“ attitude = only visit the church during baptisms, weddings, funerals
• Religion: authority (church position in the country) US:- „city upon hill“ attitude = American exceptionalism, America as ideal for all othercountries UK:- state church
• Religion: tradition US:- puritan heritage: a lot of puritanscame from England to America,influenced mainstream protestantdenominations UK:-
• Comparison: Bill of Rights UK and US US                                                                                                  UK                              introduction=preambleKing Georg III                indictment                                          King James II                                     denunciation                                     announcement of a new king           conclusion agreement between King and ParliamentRights of civilians, civil      Content(no standing of troops in place)   seperation of powerliberties (freedom of                                                                          (freedom of protestants,religion, speech, press),                                                                    parliament) first ten amendments ofConstitution                              vague idea of republic, democracy —> connection: not economic interests but ideology                         
• 1st wave mid 19th century from:Western and Northern Europe (Britain, Ireland, Germany) push factors:- Irish potato famine- European revolutions- political and religious persecution- unemployment pull factors:- jobs- California Gold Rush
• 2nd wave late 19th tearily 20th from:- Southern and eastern Europe - Chinese and Japanese immigrants (Italy, Hungary, Poland, Greece, Russia)push factors:- Poverty- religious and political persecutionpull factors:- Homestead Act- jobs in industry and transportation
• 3rd wave from WWII to 90s from:Germany and eastern Europe, western hemisphere (Canada, Mexico, Cuba), Asia (Korea,China, Vietnam)push factors:War refugees, poverty, unemployment, political persecutionpull factors:Jobs, freedom and peaceful living conditions, family reunions
• 4th wave, still going on from:Latin America (Mexico) and Asia (China, India, Vietnam)push factors:Poverty, desire to join relativespull factors:Jobs, money and supporting impoverished families
• Power - Concept of Cultural Hegemony: term often used in 1970s, the the political, economic, militaryor cultural predominance or control of a group over othersa) Antonio Gramsci: distinguishes between civil society (family, church, religion) and politicalsociety; power = negotiated between these two „societies“- elaborated the role of ideology in creating a cultural hegemony- consensual power as means of strengthening the power of capitalism and of the nation-state- Power (Foucault):1) something people have2) not a thing but a relation3) not simply a property of a state, it’s not exclusively localized in government and the state, it’sexercised throughout the social body4) operates at the most micro levels of social relations, it is omnipresent in every level of thesocial body5) power isn’t simply repressive but it is productive- ways of exercising ita) sovereign power: government rules the subjectsb) discipline power: mechanism of power which regulates behavior of individuals in the socialbody by regulating the organization of space, time, activity and behavior in daily lifec) pastoral powerd) power - knowledge ≠ knowledge is power; the way those in power determine what’s true—> The way those in power determine what’s true
• Power: Kinds/Expression economic                         architecturepolitical                            lawssocial                               status, e.g. between friendsmarketing/medicine          capitalism: you worth is determines by your succes in educationreligiousknowledge: educationalinstitutionalmilitaryphysicalacces to ressources

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