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Englisch (Fach) / Anglo-American Cultural Studies (Lektion)

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• What is culture ? art mentality values activities (sports) subculture lifestyle political system heritage/tradition
• Culture with a big "C" high culture as a production and consumption of arts, or "the best that has been thought and said in the world" idea of a canon: "cultural imperialism", "cultural capital", idea of popular culture as inferior (minderwertig), mass-produced, standardized 
• Culture with a little "c" "low", "popular" or "mass" culture def. Skinner: "originates from the people" commercial element def. of popular culture always involve value judgement 
• Def. of Culture - Williams 20th Century a general process of intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic development -> development a particular way of life, whether of a person, a period, a group or humanity in general -> lifestyle the works and practices of intellectual and espacially artistic activity -> product - culture vs. Culture 
• Def. of Culture - Taylor 19th Century "Culture, or civilization, taken in its broad, ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society"  - idea of higher culture (Europe)
• Allgemein: Culture its a must to compare the own culture with another  culture = "vague" idea  def. only in a concrete context possible  culture vs. nature/ Kultur (D) vs. civilisation (FR)
• Thomas Jefferson principle author of the Declaration  wartime govenor of Virginia  3rd President of the US one of the biggest slave owners 
• What is history action if the past  timeline, chronology of events collective memory study of events  description + effect of present  defined/made/produced by -> media, historians, educators, leaders  past vs. history  (every historian own opinion/ own def.) 
• Def. history - Hayden White (historian) history is always a narration, look for narrative structure cronicle (selection of events) story (chronology) emplotment (tragedy, comedy, romance, satire) cause -> effect relationship
• Economy and Culture: Thatcherism main idea: traditional, liberal economic agenda -> admirable to be rich  basic elements: FREE MARKET, free trade competition, small state, low levels of taxation, finance property  main values: money efficiency, self-reliance, saving wealth accumulation effects: higher motivation because of competition, money-minding and harder work, companies more efficient an focus on profit, higher self-confidence of nation -> Chances endured 
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• Economics and International Relations share: economic interests language  common institutions ideology 
• What is Cultural Studies? - lack of clear definitions- related disciplines (share interests and methods):a) Anthropologyb) Area studiesc) Film studiesd) Gender studiese) Landeskundef) Media studiesg) Postcolonial Studiesh) Queer studiesi) sociology
• Hayden White - historian- history is always a narration, look for narrative structure- chronicle (selection of events)- story (chronology)- emplotment (tragedy, comedy, romance, satire) cause —> effect relationship
• Simon Schama (*13 Feb. 1945) - British historian, Supports Labor Party (GB) and Democrats (US)- Main fields: French Revolution, Durch Revolution, Art History, US history, Jewish history- popular historian, one of highes earning TV historians, great success in selling books + shows
• Etymological Origins - mid-15c., „the tilling of land“, from Middle French culture- directly from Latin cultura, „a cultivating, agriculture“- figuratively „care, culture, an honoring“- from past participle stem of colere „tend, guard, cultivate, till“
• cultural studies II - Originated in GB (ca. 1964) = movement- is not restricted to specific culture or nation-state- Inescapably subjective- Study of subcultures„ We’re assuming here that the goals of a student of Anglo-American cultural studies are to seehow a country and people define their own history […]“- Core ideas:a) perspectives (center/periphery; self-image vs. fremdbild)b) critical science questioning the hegemonic function of education systemsc) not just phenomenology (facts/states) but analyzing underlying systems of power relations andconstruction
• Thatcherism: 1) main idea: traditional, liberal economic agenda —> admirable to be rich2) basic elements: FREE MARKET, free trade competition, small state, low levels of taxation,financial property3) main values: money efficiency, self-reliance, saving wealth accumulation4) effects: higher motivation because of competition, money-minding and harder work,companies more efficient and focus on profit, higher self-confidence of nation —> Changesendured
• Economics and International Relations: share:- economic interests- language- common institutions- ideology
• American Economy: - mentality of laissez-faire, let things happen, no limits to enlarge the business and the wealth ofthe industry- no intervention from the american government into economy affairs- Reagan: low taxes, cut in social programs, deregulation of industry —> increase wealth, even tothe poor (Deregulation of the financial sector resulted into the economy crisis 2008)- high importance of the agriculture sector (agribusiness) for the US economy, US world’sleading single exporter of agricultural products- 75% of the US population is employed in the service sector- short vacation of American employees, US as „no-vacation nation“, large opening hours- „hire and fire“ mentality- Rust Belt: Area from Pennsylvania through Ohio and Michigan, important for the textile,automobile and steel industries (many of them now closed down)- Silicon Valley: situated in California, centre of computer and technology industry (Google, Appleetc)
• Important Persons of American Economy: - Astor family: Americas first business monopoly with American fur Company, Investigations inart, museums and hotels (Waldorf-Astoria)- Andrew Carnegie: created an empire of iron and steel, found libraries, universities andCarnegie hall(one of the most important music hall in the US)- Vanderbilt family: shipping and railway company; found one university
• American territories around the World - Commonwealth of Puerto Rico: special status, Spanish culture and heritage, Puerto- Ricansdon’t pay every taxes US-citizens pay, don’t have the right to vote for the presidential elections,no representation in Congress- Hawaii as 50th state- Guam: situation comparable to Puerto Rico, but smaller in dimension and population- Mariana Islands- Virgin Islands- Guantanamo bay
• Expansionism and isolationism as principles in American foreign policy - Manifest Destiny (expansionism): spreading of american-style democracy and lifestyle asGod’s will- fear against communism: military intervention in Vietnam and Cuba and secret intervention inmany other states „threaded“ of the communism (Chile, Ecuador, Venezuela, etc)- Monroe Doctrine (isolationism): western hemisphere was closed to any further europeancolonization, the US wouldn’t interfere in any european conflicts- —> example: hesitation to intervene in WW II and WW I actively
• British Economy: - lowest percentage of workers employed in the agriculture sector, most people are working in theservice sector- aquaculture becomes more and more important, big fishing industry- highest percentage of home-ownership in the EU- vacation time of the employees a bit less than in Germany, but higher than in the US- importance of North-Sea Oil: begin in the 1970s, peak in the 1990- demise of the traditional British automobile industry in the 20th and 21st century
• Role of Commonwealth in Britain today - Statute of Westminster: establishing the Commonwealth of Nations, association of around 50Nations, former colonies of GB- concerned with a common wealth and cooperation in economic affairs
• Relationship between the UK and Europe - member since 1973, feeling of mistrust- many exclusive rights, no membership in the Eurozone
• Relationship between the US and UK - started with wars and conflicts in the first 50 years of the existence of the US- alies in the WW I & II- relation based on common language, institutions and traditionsReligion
• Borders Example: The borders of Virginia - natural borders: the atlantic ocean, the Mississippi and Ohio River & mountains- artificial borders (location concept, territory: longitudes and latitudes- Mason-Dixon Line (became „border“ between North and Southlimits result from:- has been negotiated by time- ancient charters from the crown of England (it was much bigger than it is nowadays, steps ofdiminution)- grant of Maryland to Lord Baltimore- grant of Pennsylvania to William Penn- grant of Carolina by Charles II- treaty of Paris 1763: start of the British Empire, French lost all its colonies in America- Cession made by Virginia to Congress
• United States of America: - continental US = 48 States (without Alaska and Hawaii)- barriers affected the settlement of the US from east to west: for example the AppalachianMountains, The Great Lakes, Great Plains, Mississippi, Rocky Mountains and Death Valley;movement west —> in American history as sign as divine will- US: 27-times bigger than Germany- Germany is further north than the entire Continental US (New York on a line with Madrid,Washington to Athens, Miami to Dubai)- continental Climate, Arctic air can flow into the heart of the US, because there is no naturalbarrier (Rocky Mountains and Appalachian Mountains are from North to South), climateextraordinarily varied- divided into 50 states, each district is divided into congressional districts (each district shouldhave about 700.000 inhabitants)- Washington DC: capital of the US, state of a district, no state because of neutrality- population concentrates on the Westcoast (California), Eastcoast (New England, New York),Great Lakes Region (Chicago, Detroit), Florida (Miami), general movement from the north-east(Great Lakes, New York) to the South (California, Texas, New Mexico)- Languages: English #1, Spanish #2, Chinese #3
• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - British Islands: more than 5000 Islands- terms of Great Britain, Britain, British Island, England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales- the situation as Island supports the sense of identity- important mountains: Highlands, Midlands, Cambrian Mountains (Wales)- important rivers: Thames, Severn River, River Tweed- changeable weather, impact of Gulf Stream, mild climate- Great Britain: divided in four countries, historical division in counties (Kent, Cornwall, Essex,Leicestershire, etc.)- strong urbanisation, population concentrates in large industry centers and cities (London,Birmingham, Glasgow, etc.)
• the whene: United States of America: - first settlers came from Asia over the Bering Strait from Asia 20-30.000 Years afo- Christoph Columbus: discovery of America in 1492 (landed in the Bahamas)- Countries which started colonization: Spain, France, England & the Netherlands (Ponce deLéon, Spanish explorer, landed first in Florida which became later part of the US, establishingthe first european settlement in the US, St. Augustine)a) Spain: looking for gold and missionary (active in the southwest of the US)b) France: looking for trade and pelts (active around the Great Lakes)c) Dutch West India active „New Netherland“ (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania)d) England: Sir Walter Raleigh founded first English settlement on Roanoke Island (NorthCarolina), first permanent english settlement: Jamestown (founded 1607) in Virginia- Massachusetts Bay Colony at Plymouth: founded 1630 by Pilgrims (John Winthrop)- Problem: colonies weren’t represented in the Houses of Parliament, „no taxation withoutrepresentation“ —> War of Independence and Declaration of Independence (Signature: JohnHancock, main author: Thomas Jefferson- Date of the oficial signing of the Declaration of independence: 4 July 1776- Constitution of the US: 1787- Louisiana Purchase: Louisiana (western from the Mississippi , Great Plains in frenchpossession) sold by Napoleon to the US, doubling of the Size of the US- manifest destiny: justified the annexation of land right up to the Pacific Ocean- Monroe Doctrine (1823): western hemisphere was closed to any further european colonization,the US wouldn’t interfere in any european conflicts- Underground Railroad: metaphor for a network of abolitionists with the goal of freeing slavesby establishing escape routes from slave states to free states
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• The Civil War: important and influent people: - Harriet Tubman: former slave, helped other slaves to „travel“ along the Underground Railroad tothe North- Harriet Stove: author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, portrayed cruelty of slavery, convinced manyNortherners of the wrongs of slavery- Frederick Douglass: former slave, one of the greatest public speakers, authors, statesman andreformer, supported women’s rights- Civil War: 1861-1865, North (industrial, no slavery, the „Union“) vs. South (agricultural, slavery,the „Confederates“ CSA) —> North won, Prohibition of Slavery in 13th Amendment- Changes in US Constitution in 19th Century: 13th Amendment: Prohibition of slavery, 14th:people born or naturalized in the US have the full rights of citizens, 15th: right to vote for allcitizens (man only)- Homestead Act: Land in the great plans was given away by the government to encouragesettlers to go west- Gilded Age: term was coined by Mark Twain, took place in the beginning of the 20th century,industrialization with a few „captains“ or „robber barons“ like Astor, Carnegie, Vanderbilt, Ford,invention of important things like telephone and elevator- „remember the Maine“ and „remember the Lusitana“ : refer to two ships and wars; 1st Spanish-American War, USA gained Philipines and Puerto Rico, 2nd WW I,- suffrage: Right to vote
• The When: United Kingdom: - roman colonization and settlement in 55 BC - 600 AD -> 500 Years(-chester & -caster = castrum)- Anglo Saxons (various germanic tribes) arrived Britain, introduction of christianity- Alfred the Great 9th Century: only king with the attribute „the Great“, unified large parts ofnowadays England, defended it successfully against Scandinavians- 1066 Norman Conquest: effects were enormous; introduction of french in nobles language,church reform, strengthening the power of the crown- Edward I & II: Kings durant war with Scotland- Edward III: started Hundred Years War- War of Roses: The House of Lancaster(red) and York(white) claimed the right to the throne; withthe marriage of Henry Tudor (Lancaster) and Elizabeth (York) —> start of Tudor Dynasty- Henry VIII: Separation of the Church of England- Elizabeth I: golden age with theatre, music, architecture & exploration, with defeat of the armadaEngland’s rise began- Civil War: Charles I want to change the system into an absolute monarchy, reducing the rights ofthe parliament—> war royals vs. parliamentarians (Oliver Cromwell), short episode of republic- Glorious Revolution: Change of dynasty, Protestant William of Holland became King, introducingthe Bill of Rights- Industrial Revolution: started in middle of the 18th, Britain as „workshop of the world“, world’sleader in iron, steamship, railway engineering, bridge-building, industrial machinery, iron & steelproduction, increasing of population- Acts of Union 1801: England (Wales) and Scotland reunited since 1707, Ireland joined the Unionin 1801, Great Britain became Europe largest free-trade area- Catholic Emancipation Act: Duke of Wellington elaborated law to give Irish and English Catholicsall political rights to all government posts- Disreali era: introducing the right to vote for the poor & enhancing of Britain's imperial power,founding of the Labour Party- British Leaders during two World Wars:a) David Lloyd George: collaborated the Treaty of Versailles, helped to end the British repressionin Irelandb) Neville Chamberlain: appeasement politicc) Winston Churchill: prime minister during WWII
• Magna Charta - share power of the monarchy with feudal baron- milestone on the way to sharing the power between the monarch and subjectsclauses still in force:- freedom of the anglican church- ancient liberties of the City of London- a right to due processes (regulated rents), usage of wood, measures were determined- was brought to colonies as well
• The Glorious Revolution: - catholic king- 1687 Declaration of Indulgence (Ablass, Nachsicht) which suspended the penal laws against allNonconformists- alienated (verlieren) political elite- birth of James II’s son in June 1688- November 1699 William of Oranges march to London- James I flees to France- William and Mary jointly succeed to the throne of England = Glorious Revolution
• Bill of Rights UK Structure (brought in 1689)- Introduction- complains against the king- indictments in the US Bill of Rights (George II)- Install a new King of Orange (William)- Conclusion; future kings: agreement between King and ParliamentContent- Suspension + execution of laws by Parliament- No right of taxation by king, Royal budget granted by Parliament- Right to petition- No standing army in time of peace- Free elections of parliament Freedom of Speech in Parliament- Against injustice, just treatment of people by courts- Parliament to be hold frequently
• The War of Independence - on July 4, 1776 the Continental Congress announced that the thirteen American colonies, thenat war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part ofthe British Empire= Declaration of Independence
• US Bill of Rights: - First Amendment: Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, Petition- Second: Right to bear arms- Third: Quartering of Troops- Fourth: Search and Seizure- Fifth: Grand Jury, Self-Incriminination- Sixth: Criminal Prosecutions- Seventh: Common Law Suits- Eighth- Ninth: Non-Enumerated Rights- Tenth: Rights Reserved to States or People
• US Constitution - Supreme law oh the US- Originally comprise of 7 articles: separation of powers, presidencies, amendments, ratificationetc.- Introduction- Preamble: „We hold these truths to be self-evident ..“- Indictment = A bill of particulars documenting the king’s repeated injuries and usurpations of theAmericans rights and liberties- Denunciation - inevitability of independence- Conclusion = declaration of independence- Signatures
• Immigration Law as Cultural Construction - construction of Race (U.S. vs. Bhagat Singh Thind)- Construction of Disease (Trachoma on Angel Island)
• Beginning and waves of American immigration - no explicit beginning of immigration, first settlers came from Asia 20.000-30.000 years ago
• Main immigrant and ethnic groups in the US American Indians, African Americans, Hispanics - Natives:a) endless number of different tribes, like Sioux, Absentee-Shawnee, Apaches, Cheyenne,Cherokeeb) 1 % of US populationc) 14th amendment of the US constitution guarantees full citizenship for all persons born ornaturalized in the US, but Natives were often treated like foreigners; since 1924 (IndianCitizenship Act) full citizenship rightsd) reforms improved life conditions since the 70s- African Americansa) Problems to name them (black, negro, colored, etc) and with the term „race“ (US censusbureau: sociopolitical structure)b) former system of segregation in public buildings and publ, „separate but equal“c) subliminal racism nowadays (especially in the South), „grouping“, distinctive subculture- Latinosa) Hispanic: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central American etc.b) 25% of US population, growth of hispanic percentagec) pride of Spanish-speaking heritaged) Huge parts of the were part of Mexico in former times (California, New Mexico, Colorado,Arizona)e) Question of Puerto Rico
• Metaphors for American society Melting Pot: historical, positively term as promise of new identityOther terms: salad bowl, pizza, mosaic
• British immigration - possible beginnings: invasion of Romans and Normans, 16th and 17th century with Huguenots(Dutch and French Protestants)- Britain as an emigration country; many people leaved Britain towards the colonies, Britain hasthe highest number of expatriots (citizens of one country leaving in another)- The British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act (early 20th century): everybody born in theEmpire got the status of British subject (subject=citizen)- British Nationality Act (after WWII): allowing all 800 million inhabitants of the Commonwealthto maintain the status of British subject and they got the permission of living and working in theUK
• Future of British immigration - problems with racism (destruction of cafes, chasing, attacking and injuring of people)- violence and xenophobia are still present in society- reforms and programs against racism and integration
• The British monarch and Parliament Queen:- second longest-reigning monarch (After Queen Victoria)- „reigns but does not rule“- right to be consulted and she regularly meets with the Prime Minister (officially appointed by theQueen)- royal prerogative: right to appoint the PM (usually chooses the leader of the majority party), todissolve the Parliament, to sign treaties and to call new elections- other duties: Head of the Anglican church, head of the armed forces, ceremonial functionsParliament- cabinet: circle of more than twenty members, called „secretary of state“ (Minister), responsiblefor various functions (defense, foreign affairs, traffic, etc.) Most important members: chancellor,foreign secretary and home secretary- PM: right to reshuffle the cabinet and chooses the members, can also reign in a „presidentialway“, without consulting the cabinet before important decisions- two-party system: Labour and Conservatives (Tories), but also the liberal democrats, founded in80s- hung parliament: rare, no one party has a majority to reign- House of Lords: power has been reduced over the centuries, hereditary peers (inherit their tilesand seats) were thrown out 1999; legislative function in discussing and revising bills, candelay bills already passed by the House of Commonsa) hereditary peers (inherit their tiles and seats) were thrown out 1999b) life peers, appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the PM, lords spiritual and lawlords (important judges, are now in the Supreme Court)- House of Commons: 646 members (fewer than HoL), has much more power than HoL,includes elected representatives and government, PM and Opposition- election procedure: system of „first past the post“ (candidate with the most votes will be sent toWestminster —> stabile government but many votes are unrepresented)
• The British Constitution - unwritten, uncodified constitution- collection of bodies of laws like Magna Charta or UK Bill of Rights, contains laws of the EU andParliamentary proceedings- organic form, developed over Centuries, evidence of flexibility, but easily changeable (danger ofabuse)
• Devolution and the future of the United Kingdom - devolution: procedure of transferring power from a central government to a regional government- establishing of the Scottish Parliament (power to raise taxes and make laws affecting Scotlandlike health, education and transport), the Welsh Assembly and Northern Ireland Assembly
• American political parties - two-party systemDemocrats: founded by Thomas Jefferson, symbol: donkey, color: blue, close to British LabourRepublicans:founded by Abraham Lincoln, former anti-slavery movement, symbol: elephant,color: red, close to British Conservatives
• US Constitution - document made by the Founding Fathers to ensure that the nation is permanent to unite anation and flexible enough to adjust the future- oldest existing constitution in the world- provided a central federal government with clearly defined rights and responsibilities and stategovernments- contains the Bill of Rights (first ten amendments), guaranteeing individual rights and freedomslike freedom of religion and the press- very difficult to change (requires two-thirds majority in both Houses)- strict separation between legislative and executive authority and judiciary
• The american presidential election process 1) primaries and caucuses: give citizens the possibility to be involved in the political procedurefrom the very beginning2) party conventions: location held up in summer where the party nominees are officially chosen3) general election day4) Electoral College: function is to choose officially the president, is made of the same number ofelectors as each state has representatives in Congress: each state is represented by twosenators and at least one representative in the House of Representatives = at least 3 votes

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