Englische Grammatik (Fach) / Englische Grammatik (Lektion)
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Englische Grammatik
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- Korn wird in Ammerika angebaut singular: active / passive plural present They grow corn in America. Corn is grown in America by them. They grow corn plants in America. Corn plants are grown in America by them.
- Past: Korn wird in Ammerika angebaut singular: active / passive plural They grew corn in America. Corn was grown in America by them. They grew corn plants in America. Corn plants were grown in America by them.
- future: Sie bauen Korn in Ammerika an They are going to grow corn in America. Corn is going to be grown in America by them. They are going to grow corn plants in America. Corn plants are going to be grown in America by them.
- continuous: Sie bauen Korn in Ammerika an: They are growing corn in America. Corn is being grown in America by them. They are growing corn plants in America. Corn plants are being grown in America by them.
- present perfect: Sie bauen Korn in Ammerika an They have grown corn in America. Corn has been grown in America by them. They have grown corn plants in America. Corn plants have been grown in America by them.
- present perfect continuous: Sie bauen Korn in Ammerika an They had grown corn in America. Corn had been grown in America by them. They had grown corn plants in America. Corn plants had been grown in America by them.
- Passive in writing. Professional writing. In English, direct conflict situations are avoided. This is culture and in business is required. In reports, the passive is used extensively, otherwise the continual use of "I did this, then I did this and I did this ...etc" can give an unprofessional feeling.
- Beispiele für professionelles schreiben im Passive Look at this sentence... I feel your work is not very good and that you to not concentrate on the work you do. Therefore I am terminating your work contract with this company. The manager that wrote this sentence is giving "the feeling" of a "personal problem" between the employee and the manager. This is because the situation is a "conflict" situation and the manager is using the word "I". The manager should write the sentence above in the "passive", to remove the "personal feeling" from the sentence and also to make the sentence sound more professional. (the manager is only doing his job and not trying to be personal!) There is the sentence written more professionally in good business English ... It is felt that your work is not very good and that you do not concentrate on the work you do. Therefore your work contract with the company is being terminated. The above is much better, does not sound personal, and is much more professional!
- Beispiel 2 für professionelles schreiben: I informed the supplier that he must send the equipment on time however, the supplier did not. I then called the supplier and I told them that I am terminating the work contract because I think the service they offer is unsatisfactory. I then called another supplier and I signed a new contract with them. I hope that this solves the supplier problem. The feeling in the above brief report is not very professional. The person writing the report has made themselves "very important" by using "I" in active sentences and in fact, it is the information that should be important and not the person! Here is the same written in passive... Here is the report written more professionally in good business English ... The supplier was informed that the equipment must be sent on time however, this was not done. The supplier was then called and the work contract was cancelled due to unsatisfactory service. Another supplier was then contacted and a new contract was signed with them. It is hoped that this will not solve the supplier problem. Note: Reference to the person/s completing the work may be included in the report with "by" or removed completely.
- Wann wird Past Simple verwendet? Past Simple (use the second form of the verb) Past simple is used when the meaning is; "at a specific time in the past" examples: I drove my car yesterday. I sent the letter last week. He visited the exhibition last year. The company developed three new products in 1998 When your meaning is "at a specific time in the past" then use the past simple. Remember also that a specific time can be stated in a conversation and then not repeated: see below: A: What did you do yesterday? B: I went to the zoo. ..... meaning yesterday A: Oh. I went to the seaside. ..... meaning yesterday
- Wann wird Present Perfect verwendet? Present Perfect (use have/has + the third form of the verb) Present Perfect is used when the meaning is; "at NO specific time in the past" examples: I have driven my car. She has sent the letter. The manager has visited the customer. The company has developed three new products. TIP: A common mistake is to make a sentence as follows: The manager has visited the customer last week. This is grammatically incorrect because "have + third form of the verb" means at NO specific time, therefore you cannot add a specific time to this sentence.
- will Many people make a big mistake using "will". The reason for this is "will" must have "context" ... otherwise "will" is a STRONG Intention and can be aggressive! Context can already be in a discussion OR added by saying a word such as ... I predict it will rain today. I hope she will visit the manager this morning. We expect Mr. Johnson will arrive this afternoon. I promise I will tell him your message. If the person you are talking to does not understand the context (not only you) then WILL can become AGGRESSIVE!! But Context can also come from a conversation. Look at this example ... Customer: When will you send the goods? It is highly likely that the customer is asking for a promise. Supplier: We will send them tomorrow. The supplier does not need to add context because it is already in the question. In a conversation people will normally understand the context of a situation, but when there is no conversation .... Look here. Will is being used aggressively .. John: I will go out tonight David! There is no context so John is being aggressive or showing a strong intention. David: Um! Ok John, I'm not going to stop you!!! David is naturally a little shocked because without context, he thinks John is being aggressive. Look here at the same conversation (with context) John: My Mother said I cannot go out tonight, but I will go out tonight David! The context is "John is showing a strong intention against what his Mother said". David: I don't see why you can't go out, but you will annoy her I am sure! David has understood the context and therefore knows John is not being aggressive. But look again! David said "but you will annoy her". Is David being aggressive? NO of course not! David has given John a warning therefore the context is "warning"
- going to "going to" is simply an intention. But "going to" is an intention that you may decide not to do!! Look at how "going to" can make a situation not feel good ... Customer: When will you send the goods? The customer is asking for a promise, expectation ..etc Supplier: We are going to send them tomorrow. The supplier has told the customer the supplier's intention, and remember, the supplier may decide not to do it!!
- in/into, out/out of, on/onto, off/off of ||| without movement/static >>> with movement/dynamic in into out out of on onto off off of The red verbs indicate movement >>> The lights of the train will be automatically turned on when we travel into the tunnel. ||| Ladies and Gentlemen, while we travel in the tunnel, the lights will be on. >>> Please pour the coffee into the cup and not onto the table. ||| I like my coffee in the cup and not on the table. >>> Get off of that table. A chair is for sitting and not a table. ||| Look the handle is off the door and laying on the floor. >>> The handle broke off of the door. This is a sample of dynamic and static prepositions. There are more. See if you can find some by reading a newspaper or books. Beware! you may find native speakers using these prepositions incorrectly. Native English does not mean perfect English!
- Question Words 1 ----------------------------------------------------------- What - a thing, name - What is his name? ----------------------------------------------------------- Where - a place, location - Where did he go yesterday? ---------------------------------------------------------- When - a time, a point in time - What time will you arrive? ---------------------------------------------------------- Who - a person - Who did you say called this morning? ---------------------------------------------------------- Why - a reason - Why has he gone to America? ---------------------------------------------------------- Which - a choice - Which car, the red or the green, would you like to buy? ---------------------------------------------------------- How - a method, a quantity - How can I get to the main train station? ----------------------------------------------------------
- Question Words 2 What - a thing, name - What is his name? ----------------------------------------------------------- Where - a place, location - Where did he go yesterday? ---------------------------------------------------------- When - a time, a point in time - What time will you arrive? ---------------------------------------------------------- Who - a person - Who did you say called this morning? ---------------------------------------------------------- Why - a reason - Why has he gone to America? ---------------------------------------------------------- Which - a choice - Which car, the red or the green, would you like to buy? ---------------------------------------------------------- How - a method, a quantity - How can I get to the main train station?
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- Question Words 3 ----------------------------------------------------------- What - a thing, name - What is his name? ----------------------------------------------------------- Where - a place, location - Where did he go yesterday? ---------------------------------------------------------- When - a time, a point in time - What time will you arrive? ---------------------------------------------------------- Who - a person - Who did you say called this morning? ---------------------------------------------------------- Why - a reason - Why has he gone to America? ---------------------------------------------------------- Which - a choice - Which car, the red or the green, would you like to buy? ---------------------------------------------------------- How - a method, a quantity - How can I get to the main train station? ----------------------------------------------------------
- Question Words 4 ----------------------------------------------------------- What - a thing, name - What is his name? ----------------------------------------------------------- Where - a place, location - Where did he go yesterday? ---------------------------------------------------------- When - a time, a point in time - What time will you arrive? ---------------------------------------------------------- Who - a person - Who did you say called this morning? ---------------------------------------------------------- Why - a reason - Why has he gone to America? ---------------------------------------------------------- Which - a choice - Which car, the red or the green, would you like to buy? ---------------------------------------------------------- How - a method, a quantity - How can I get to the main train station?
- question tags - basic A question tag is a way of making a suggestion or statement into a question and is widely used in English If the statement is positive, the question tag is negative. If the statement is negative, the question tag is positive Example The statement The question tag It is hot today isnt it? -------------------------------------------------- All verbs "to be" Positive question tag Negative question tag is isn't am arn't are aren't was wasn't were weren't Examples He is here, isn't he? The letter was sent yesterday, wasn't it? You aren't Paul, are you? -------------------------------------------------- All verbs "to do" Positive question tag Negative question tag do don't does doesn't did didn't Examples She went to the zoo, didn't she? You didn't eat the food there, did you? She likes red cars, doesn't she? ----------------------------------------------------------- The verb "to have" is an exception and can use below or "to do" forms above. Positive question tag Negative question tag have haven't has hasn't had hadn't (use only for had better sentences) didn't (use for everything else) Examples He had a pay rise, didn't he? You have time today, haven't you We had better go now, hadn't we? Finally, although you may see different sometimes, always use the short forms for question tags.
- question tags - model verbs A question tag when using a model verb is similar to that of basic question tags, but the question tag used the model verb and not the verb. There is one exception you can see below. Modal Verbs When there is a model verb Positive question tag Negative question tag would wouldn't could couldn't should shouldn't might mightn't may "yes" or a comment to confrm must mustn't (more popular in UK english) can can't will won't shall shan't (more popular in UK english) Examples He can swim, can't he? He might give us a job, mightn't he? We should arrive at 3pm, shouldn't we? I wouldn't do it, would you? I won't see you tomorrow, will I? WARNING! EXCEPTION Positive question tag Negative question tag Present verb + would be didn't Past verb + would be don't / doesn't verb + would have been don't / doesn't Examples He said he would be here at 3pm, didn't he? You feel I would be better accepting the offer, don't you? Yesterday he thought everything would be fine, didn't he? She always decides less meat would be healthier, doesn't she? You said it would have been better not to ask, didn't you Finally, although you may see different sometimes, always use the short forms for question tags.