Word Analysis (Fach) / consonant changes (Lektion)

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  • Pfund - pound Gmc. /p/ > /pf/ in Ger, when not after vowels, HGCS. OHG. Retained in Engl   Germanic voiceless plosives /p, t, k/ became affricates /pf, ts, kh/ (when not after vowels)    
  • Pfanne - pan Gmc. /p/ > /pf/ in Ger, when not after vowels, HGCS. OHG. Retained in Engl   Germanic voiceless plosives /p, t, k/ became affricates /pf, ts, kh/ (when not after vowels)  
  • zehn - ten Gmc. /t/ > /ts/ in Ger, when not after vowels, HGCS. OHG. Retained in Engl   Germanic voiceless plosives /p, t, k/ became affricates /pf, ts, kh/ (when not after vowels)  
  • Zunge - tongue Gmc. /t/ > /ts/ in Ger, when not after vowels, HGCS. OHG. Retained in Engl   Germanic voiceless plosives /p, t, k/ became affricates /pf, ts, kh/ (when not after vowels)    
  • Korn (< OHG khorn) - corn Gmc. /kh/ > /k/ in Ger, when not after vowels, HGCS. OHG. Retained in Engl   Germanic voiceless plosives /p, t, k/ became affricates /pf, ts, kh/ (when not after vowels)  
  • Apfel - apple Gmc. /pp/ > /pf/ in Ger, HGCS. OHG. Retained in English   Germanic geminate plosives /pp/ and /tt/ became affricates /pf/ and /ts/  
  • Kupfer - copper Gmc. /pp/ > /pf/ in Ger, HGCS. OHG. Retained in Engl Germanic geminate plosives /pp/ and /tt/ became affricates /pf/ and /ts/  
  • setzen - set (OE settan) /tt/ > /ts/ in Ger, HGCS. OHG. Retained in English Germanic geminate plosives /pp/ and /tt/ became affricates /pf/ and /ts/
  • sitzen - sit (OE sittan)   Gmc. /tt/ > /ts/ in Ger, HGCS. OHG. Retained in English Germanic geminate plosives /pp/ and /tt/ became affricates /pf/ and /ts/  
  • Affe - ape Gmc. /p/ > /f/ in Ger. when after vowels, HGCS. OHG. Retained in English   Germanic /p, t, k/ (when after vowels) became fricatives /f, s, x/  
  • Seife - soap   Gmc. /p/ > /f/ in Ger. when after vowels, HGCS. OHG. Retained in English   Germanic /p, t, k/ (when after vowels) became fricatives /f, s, x/  
  • Wasser - water   Gmc. /t/ > /s/ in Ger. when after vowels, HGCS. OHG. Retained in English   Germanic /p, t, k/ (when after vowels) became fricatives /f, s, x/  
  • essen - eat Gmc. /t/ > /s/ in Ger. when after vowels, HGCS. OHG. Retained in English   Germanic /p, t, k/ (when after vowels) became fricatives /f, s, x/  
  • Lauch - leek Gmc. /k/ > /x/ in Ger. when after vowels, HGCS. OHG. Retained in English   Germanic /p, t, k/ (when after vowels) became fricatives /f, s, x/  
  • machen - make Gmc. /k/ > /x/ in Ger. when after vowels, HGCS. OHG. Retained in English   Germanic /p, t, k/ (when after vowels) became fricatives /f, s, x/  
  • trinken - drink   Gmc. /d/ > /t/ in Ger. HGCS. OHG. Retained in English   Germanic voiced plosives became voiceless: /b, d, g/ > /p, t, k/, but only /d>t/ entered the standardlanguage          
  • teuer - dear   Gmc. /d/ > /t/ in Ger. HGCS. OHG. Retained in English   Germanic voiced plosives became voiceless: /b, d, g/ > /p, t, k/, but only /d>t/ entered the standardlanguage  
  • denken - think   Gmc. /θ/ > /d/ in Ger. HGCS. OHG. Retained in Engl.   Germanic /θ/ (and /ð/) retained in English but became plosive /d/ in German    
  • denn - then Gmc. /ð/ > /d/ in Ger. HGCS. OHG. Retained in Engl.   Germanic /θ/ (and /ð/) retained in English but became plosive /d/ in German
  • der - the Gmc. /θ/ > /d/ in Ger. HGCS. OHG. Retained in Engl.   Germanic /θ/ (and /ð/) retained in English but became plosive /d/ in German
  • sieben - seven Gmc. /v/ (between vowels) > /b/ in Ger, Retained in Engl   Germanic /v/ (/v/ between vowels and /f/ word-finally) retained in English but became /b/ in German
  • haben - have   Gmc. /v/ (between vowels) > /b/ in Ger, OHG, Retained in Engl   Germanic /v/ (/v/ between vowels and /f/ word-finally) retained in English but became /b/ in German  
  • kalb- calf Gmc. /f/ (word-finally) > /b/ in Ger, Retained in Engl   Germanic /v/ (/v/ between vowels and /f/ word-finally) retained in English but became /b/ in German
  • Käse - cheese Gmc. /k/ > /tʃ/ in OE, when next to a front unrounded vowel, remained in Ger   Germanic /k/ became palatalised to /tʃ/ in Old English (when next to a front unrounded vowel (/i/, /e/, /æ/):
  • Kinn - chin Gmc. /k/ > /tʃ/ in OE, when next to a front unrounded vowel, remained in Ger   Germanic /k/ became palatalised to /tʃ/ in Old English (when next to a front unrounded vowel (/i/, /e/, /æ/):
  • Nacht- night Gmc. /x/ lost in Engl, Post-ME, retained in Ger   Germanic /x/ became lost in English (post-Middle English)
  • Licht - light Gmc. /x/ lost in Engl, Post-ME, retained in Ger     Germanic /x/ became lost in English (post-Middle English)  
  • gestern - yesterday Gmc. /γ/ lost in Engl and Ger, in Ger > /g/ OHG, in Engl  > /j/ OE     English and German both changed Germanic /γ/ in the OHG and OE periods. In German it became /g/ and in English /j/: gestern – yesterday (Gmc *ghister-)  
  • Auge - eye Gmc. /γ/ lost in Engl and Ger, in Ger > /g/ OHG, in Engl  > /j/ OE       English and German both changed Germanic /γ/ in the OHG and OE periods. In German it became /g/ and in English /j/: gestern – yesterday (Gmc *ghister-)  
  • Tag - day Gmc. /γ/ lost in Engl and Ger, in Ger > /g/ OHG, in Engl  > /j/ OE       English and German both changed Germanic /γ/ in the OHG and OE periods. In German it became /g/ and in English /j/: gestern – yesterday (Gmc *ghister-)  
  • Schaaf -sheep Gmc. /k/ > /∫/ in Engl., OE (later: same in  Ger, MHG)   Germanic /k/ merged and palatalised with a preceding /s/ in OE to produce /∫/ and the same development happened in German but much later: late MHG - ENHG: Schaf – sheep (Gmc *skēpan )

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