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• Einführung Today, I have the pleasure to give you some information on intercultural communication 
• Was ist intercultural communication? Was ist intercultural communication?
• Was ist intercultural communication? It is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate.
• was noch? in similar or different ways among themselves and how they endeavour to communicate across cultures. 
• Encounters between people fo different cultural background have existed forever and equally forever, people were thinking about phenomena that were unusual in other cultures. 
• 1. May I give you an idea of a basic differentiation of cultures 8 Punkte national character - perception - time concept - space concept - thinking - language - non verbal communication - values - bahaviour - social grouping and relationships
• national character in modern literature basic personality 
• was is it based on? on the assumption that people from one nation share basic common behavioural patterns and personality traits, differentiable from other nations. 
• The concept has however been often criticised - are the Germans orderly, hard-working and humourless?
• perception (Wahrnehmung) For example the perception of feeling is altered in different cultural surrounding: shaking hands, kissing, have different perceptions in various cultures.
• Interpersonal distance may be perceived as essential or undesirable. 
• Also the perception of what smells good or bad can be highly different in various cultural surroundings. 
• time concept (Zeiterleben) The culture has a significant impact on the concepts of time. 
• Time can either be perceived as linear (western perception) or circular (eastern perception)
• Equally the orientation or outlook of the culture can be focused on either the past, the present or the future. 
• Equally, the concept of punctuality and scheduling is different in various cultural surroundings. Depending on the context of the culture, the time is 
• space concept (Raumerleben) Also the way we deal with space is different. The concepts of the private space, the space orientation, the interpersonal distance and the space design. 
• thinking (Denken) Most of the classical Western thinking is based on the Aristotelian view of logic: 
• the Aristotelian view of logic: analytical, linear and rational. 
• Other cultures   Other cultures emphasize a more complex set of logic, which can be described as holistic, associative and affective. 
• language (sprache) if somebody speaks the same language we often think we are of the same culture. But - sometimes somebody of Hanover can have much more in common in regard with his cultural background with someone in London than with Hans from Salzburg, even though they share the same language. 
• non verbal communication (nicht-verbale Kommunikation) One example - When Khrushchev visited the US at the height of the cold war, he greeted the press with a clasping of his hands, shaking them over each shoulder. This expression is understood to be a sign of greeting of friends in the USSR, symbolising the embracing of a good friend. 
• Khrushchev In the U.S. this gesture is understood to be the symbol of the winner in a battle, consequently, the US media understood the message as a sign that the USSR would be victorious over the US. 
• Beispiel non verbal communication For example shaking hands is something that is highly uncomfortable for Chinese while even the tap on the shoulder, often practised by US Americans, can be interpreted as threatening in Northern European countries. 
• values (Wertorientierungen) values  
• behaviour norms, rules, manners (Verhaltensmuster, Normen, Rollen, Sitten)
• social grouping and relationships Soziale Gruppierungen und Beziehungen
• three layers Often culture has also been described as ordered into three layers, in fact like an onion, where one peel has to be taken off in order to see the following layer. 
• the outer layer artefacts and products. 
• the outer layer genauer It is the most explicit of all layers: including language and food, architecture and style
• the second inner layer norms and values
• Norms are the mutual sense what is right and wrong
• values (Wertorientierungen) represent the definition of what is good and bad. 
• the innermost layer basic assumptions, represent the core assumptions of what life is, assumption about how to handle everyday problems that have become self-evident. 
• Kultur ist ... 7 Punkte die Gesamtheit von Attitüden, Grundsätzen, Annahmen, Werten und Wertvorstellungen, Verhaltensnormen, Grundeinstellungen, die von einer Gruppe geteilt werden, die das Verhalten der Gruppenmitglieder beeinflussen und mit dessen Hilfe diese das Verhalten anderer interpretieren. 
• In der interkulturellen Forschung wird Kultur oftmals mit geographischen und politischen Grenzen gleichgesetzt. 
• Dies stimmt so nicht immer. Ein Norddeutscher kann einem Briten wesentlich näher sein als einem Österreicher. 
• Sogar die gleiche Sprache kann die interkulturelle Kommunikation erschweren, da die Partizipanten sich nicht notwendigerweise beim Sprechen ihrer Muttersprache über die kulturellen Unterschiede Gedanken machen - und sie daher vernachlässigen. 
• Dies kann zum Beispiel ...  zwischen Spaniern und Mexikanern zu erheblichen Schwierigkeiten führen. 
• Die Kultivierung oder kulturelle Programmierung. Mit 7 Jahren ist die kulturelle Programmierung - der größte Teil der Kultur - verinnerlicht. Dabei ist uns die Kultur als geistiges und unbewusstes Steuerelement zur Interaktion nicht direkt bewusst. 
• So ist z.b. die Frage nach grundlegenden Werten einer Kultur meistens nur schwer beantwortbar. Da sich der Großteil der Menschen oftmals nur innerhalb einer kulturellen Gruppe bewegen - und eine Auseinandersetzung mit einer anderen Kultur wenn überhaupt nur oberflächlich stattfindet- wird die kulturelle Programmierung auch nur selten bewusst. 
• Der monokulturelle Mensch verhält sich also weiter entsprechend seiner kulturellen Abstammung, und interpretiert alle Vorkommnisse entsprechend seiner kulturellen Programmierung. So wird zum Beispiel das Verhalten von Ausländern oftmals als einfach "komisch" abgetan, da es nicht mit der vorhandenen kulturellen Programmierung zu interpretieren ist. 
• Eine direkte Konfrontation Eine direkte Konfrontation 
• Eine direkte Konfrontation und offene Auseinandersetzung mit einer anderen Kultur ist gefährlich - denn sie kann das gesamte Wertesystem bis in die Grundfesten erschüttern und kann das Hinterfragen der Grundwerte herausfordern. 
• May I introduce you to Hofstedes Framework for Assessing Culture There are five dimensions of culture
• 5 dimensions of culture Low vs. High power distance - Individualism vs. Collectivism - Masculinity vs. Femininity - low vs. High uncertainty avoidance - long vs. Short term orientation. 
• low vs. High power distance - This dimension measures how much the less powerful members of institutions and organizations expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. In cultures with low power distance (e.g. Austria, Australia, Denmark, New Zealand), people expect and ac
• individualism vs. collectivism Individualism vs. collectivism - This dimension measures how much members of the culture define themselves apart from their group memberships. In individualist cultures, people are expected to develop and display their individual personalities and to choose their own affiliations. In collectivist cultures, people are defined and act mostly as a member of a long-term group, such as the family, a religious group, an age cohort, a town, or a profession, among others.
• Masculinity vs. Femininity This dimension measures the value placed on traditionally male or female values (as understood in most Western cultures). In so-called 'masculine' cultures, people value competitiveness, assertiveness, ambition, and the accumulation of wealth and material possessions. In so-called 'feminine' cultures, people value relationships and quality of life. This dimension is often renamed by users of Hofstede's work, e.g. to Quantity of Life vs. Quality of Life. Another reading of the same dimension holds that in 'M' cultures, the differences between gender roles are more dramatic and less fluid than in 'F' cultures
• low vs. High uncertainty avoidance - This dimension measures how much members of a society attempt to cope with anxiety by minimizing uncertainty. In cultures with high uncertainty avoidance, people prefer explicit rules (e.g. about religion and food) and formally structured activities, an

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