Botanik (Fach) / Morphology (Lektion)

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Morphologie = Lehre von der Struktur und Form der Organismen

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  • Morphology of the cormus Cormus = vielzelliger Vegetationskörper einer Pflanze, der in Sprossachse, Blatt und Wurzel gegliedert ist Comophytes (ferns, flowering plants): land plants with efficient water transport systems; are ...
  • Metamorphosis = when organs take over functions other than typical ones and develop different forms to adapt to the enviromental conditions to guarantee their survival 
  • Primary shoot ->shoot as well as cotyledons and root have already been created in the embryo in the seed -root emerges first -leaf - cotyledon -shoot - hypocotyl -root - embryonic root Apical meristem is protected ...
  • As plants grow -a few cells remain meristematic in the cambium or the axillary buds  -the other cells differentiate into dermal, vascular and ground tissue
  • As plants grow -a few cells remain meristematic in the cambium or the axillary buds  -the other cells differentiate into dermal, vascular and ground tissue
  • Shoots -in shoots the trasport tissue is organized in vascular bundles with the xylem directed towards the center and the phloem directed towards the outside ->this arrangement is called collateral (seitlich, ...
  • Dicots and gymnosperms ->a meristem, the cambium, remains between xylem and pholem: collateral open 
  • Monocots ->no cambium remains: collateral closed 
  • Vascular bundles ->typically surrounded by a bundle sheath of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells
  • Monocots -the primary growth can be very strong, forming relatively thick and tall stems  -grasses, e.g. bamboo, usually have hollow stems (stalks) -palms have massive stems and vascular bundles scattered across ...
  • Monocots -the primary growth can be very strong, forming relatively thick and tall stems  -grasses, e.g. bamboo, usually have hollow stems (stalks) -palms have massive stems and vascular bundles scattered across ...
  • Secondary shoot ->the primary developmental state of the stem axil is maintained throughout the life of many short-lived dicots and almost all monocots e.g. field-chickweed (dicot), black nightshade (dicot), yellow star ...
  • Wood and bark Secondary xylem = wood (heartwood / sapwood) Secondary phloem = living bark  dead bark = protective dermal tissue outside, composed of one or several cork layers and other tissue in between -the cambium ...
  • Transport in plants gases (CO2, O2, H2O): intercellular spaces water: xylem inorganic nutrients: xylem organ compunds (mainly sugar, but including RNA, amino acids, hormones, nutrients in organic molecules): phloem Challenge: ...
  • Water potential -measure for the availability of water -water always flows from places with higher water potential to places with lower water potential Definition: pure (destilled) water has water potential -water can ...
  • Water transport Transport of water and nutrient salts dissolved in it often takes place over long distance and against gravity -the driving force is water loss to the dry air: transpiration by leaves -the water loss ...
  • Water transport speed silver fir (Abies alba): only tracheids - 1 m/h common beech (Fagus sylvatica): small-diameter vessels 1-6 m/h scots elm (Ulmus glabra): large-diameter vessels - max. 44 m/h clematis (Clematis vitabla) ...
  • Water can boil in wood -if tension gets too high, liquid water sudden change phase to gas -cavitation leads to the formation of embolus (gas bubbles) -these block further water transport (plant dries out) -results in a high ...
  • Bordered pits in conifers -in conifer wood, specialized pits function as "check valves" (Klappen) -the central part of the membrane is thickened  -when embolism occurs (high pressure difference) the thickened part of the membrane ...
  • Water transport: plant growth -too negative water potential is avoided by (partially) closing stomata -reduce the water consumption, lower flow rate   ->less negative potential   ->less danger of embolisms, but also less CO2 intake ...
  • Water transport: plant growth -too negative water potential is avoided by (partially) closing stomata -reduce the water consumption, lower flow rate   ->less negative potential   ->less danger of embolisms, but also less CO2 intake ...
  • Transport in the phloem -transport of assimiltates (especially sugar) in the phloem is active and demand-driven   ->from source to sink Sources: photosynthetically active tissues (leaves) or storage Sinks: all photosynthetically ...
  • Studying phloem transport Aphids (Blattlaus) feed on the phloem sap (Saft) ->their stylet pierces the sieve tube and cut it off, so the phloem sap can be collected -the main components are mainly socruse (transport form for energy) ...
  • Morphology of a shoot -shoot consists of stems and leaves -the point where a leaf is attatched to the stem is the node -the stem between the nodes is the internode  -buds contain the apical meristem for length growth -apart ...
  • Internode length Internodium = Teil einer Sprossachse, zwischen zwei Knoten (Nodi), der definitionsgemäß keine Blätter trägt -defines the distance between leaves, typically depending on leaf -important to avoid self-shading ...
  • Shoot metamorphosis Stolons (Ausläufer): above ground, thin, creeping shoot with very long internodes ->for vegetative interproduction like in bugleherb, common silverweed, strawberry Rhizomes (Wurzelstock): subterranean, ...
  • Shoot metamorphosis Stolons (Ausläufer): above ground, thin, creeping shoot with very long internodes ->for vegetative interproduction like in bugleherb, common silverweed, strawberry Rhizomes (Wurzelstock): subterranean, ...
  • Climbing shoots Winder: the main shoot is lengthened & touchsensitiv; grows in loops around its support like hop (with climbing haris) Tendrils are lateral shoots (there are also leaf and root tendrils) with limited ...
  • Thorns -short lignified and pointed shoots -usually without leaves -serve for defence against herbivores e.g. blackthorn, seabuchthorn Thorns are shoots - spines are spiny leaf metamorphoses Prickles (as in ...
  • Succulent Shoot -succulent organs are thick, fleshy -mostly composed of water-storing parenchyma cells -plants with succulent shoots (such as cacti) often have reduced leaves (to spines in the case of cacti) -the shoot ...
  • Succulent Shoot - metamorphosis -succulent organs are thick, fleshy -mostly composed of water-storing parenchyma cells -plants with succulent shoots (such as cacti) often have reduced leaves (to spines in the case of cacti) -the shoot ...
  • Flattened shoot - metamorphoses -shoot axis is flattened and green for photosynthesis, the leaves often reduced to spines or scales or missing -in Ruscus (butchers broom), they look identical to leaves, but they bear flowers, which ...
  • Root -usually subterranean main functions -anchoring in soil and stabilisation -water and nutrient uptake -storage ->the functions and forms are similar to the shoots (mechanical support, water transport), ...
  • Primary root -after division, the cells elongate (reach their final size) and mature (cell wall thickening etc.) -the apical meristem produces the dermal, ground and vascular tissue - similar to the shoot Without ...
  • Primary root: maturation zone -in this zone of the young root, the cells receive their final function: the rhizodermis differentiates to absorb water and minerals from the soil solution -in contrast to the epidermis, it has no stomata ...
  • Primary root: anatomy -the anatomy of the root differs from the shoot -there is only one radial vascular bundle, where xylem and phloem are alternating -the vascular bundle is surrounded by the pericycle and the endodermis ...
  • Primary roots: Endodermis -water from the soil (+ all dissolved substances) can flow through the cell walls (apoplastic transport is uncontrolled) or through the symplast (controlled by membranes) -the plant only has direct control ...
  • Primary root: Exodermis -consists of one / more cell layers directly below the rhizodermis  -after the death of the short-lived rhizodermis, it forms the dermal tissue in older parts of the primary root -the cell walls of the ...
  • Secondary root -in most dicotyls and gymnosperm, secondary thickness growth also occurs in the root -cambium forms between the xylem and phloem and party of the pericycle (above the xylem branches) become meristematic ...
  • Secondary root -in most dicotyls and gymnosperm, secondary thickness growth also occurs in the root -cambium forms between the xylem and phloem and party of the pericycle (above the xylem branches) become meristematic ...
  • Secondary root growth -in most dicots and gymnosperm, secondary thickness growth also occurs in the root -cambium forms from the parenchyma between xylem and phloem and partly out of the pericycle -as in shoots, it produces ...
  • Root crown In the lowest part of the stem, the xylem and phloem of the vascular bundles must connect from radial bundle of the root to the collateral bundles of the shoot
  • Root systems -roots among species differ in growth pattern and they also always adapt to local soil conditions -plants pursue different strategies for water and nutrient intake, which makes coexistence of many species ...
  • Root systems: root sucker -are similar to shoot stolons (Ausläufer) -roots growing near the surface can form new shoots -used vor vegetative reproduction and propagation (Verbreitung) but make it difficult to eradicate (ausrotten) ...
  • Root metamorphosis: root tendril = Ranke similar to shoot and leaf tendrils, more common are climbing roots ->produced by the stem for anchorage like ivy 
  • Root metamorphosis: root thorns ->serve as defence like other thorns, occur in above-ground roots e.g. myrmecophyte, palm tree
  • Root metamorphosis: storage roots ->strong secondary thickness growth leads to formation of evenly or locally thickened (root tubers) storage organs e.g. sweet potatoe, black salsify
  • Root metamorphosis: storage roots ->strong secondary thickness growth leads to formation of evenly or locally thickened (root tubers) storage organs e.g. sweet potatoe, black salsify ->in many vegetables (bete, turnip, carrot) the primary ...
  • Root metamorphosis: butress root or prop roots =Stützwurzel ->for mechanical support of the stem e.g. Ficus, Ulmus laevis
  • Root metamorphosis: stilt root and respiratory root ... -to supply below-ground roots with oxygen -especially in plants in waterlogged soils where oxygen concentration in the soil is very low - zero -seen in many mangroves