SII

Question 1

WMS – Web Map Service (OGC Specification)

Accepted Answer

- Current version: 1.3.0 - Published as ISO 19128 - Web service for providing a map as image on the web. o Creates map image from geospatial data on-the-fly. o Service protocol based on HTTP and XML. o Map images can be returned as JPEG, PNG, GIF - Maps consist of one or more (nested) layer. o E.g., several demographic statistics for a region. o Clients are able to overlay layers from several WMS instances: § For example: Base maps from a state level mapping agency and thematic maps from local authorities.

Question 2

WMS - Operations

Accepted Answer

- GetCapabilities - GetMap - GetFeatureInfo

Question 3

WMS - Extensions/Additions

Accepted Answer

• Styled Layer Descriptors (WMS SLD) – Customizable Cartographic model, client-side rendering • Web Map Tile Service (WMTS) – Provides uniform access to pre-rendered map tiles.

Question 4

WMTS –Web Map Tile Service

Accepted Answer

• WMS provides access to map images, which are rendered on the fly – (+) Custom bounding boxes, zoom levels, styles, … – (-) Map images have to be produced on the fly, which is time consuming. • WMTS provide access to pre rendered map tiles – (+) performance – (-) less flexible (predefined bounding boxes, • WMTS 1.0.0 OGC IS – Similar to WMS – WMS GetMap --> WMTS GetTile

Question 5

SWE (Full Term)

Accepted Answer

SWE – Sensor Web Enablement (OGC standard)

Question 6

SWE – Sensor Web Enablement (OGC standard)

Accepted Answer

- Different structures and elements of observations. - Sensor interfaces are very heterogenous. - Need for harmonisation à Interoperability. - Provide a layer on top of observation database and low-level sensor networking technology à ease sensor data into web applications.

Question 7

O & M (Full Term)

Accepted Answer

Observations & Measurements

Question 8

Observations & Measurements (O & M)

Accepted Answer

- Used for encoding data observed by sensors. - Observation comprises: o Observed property (what) o Timestamp (when) o Feature of interest (where) - Value (if applicable including unit of measurement) o O&M 2.0 data model approved as an ISO standard. o O&M 2.0 XML encoding approved as an OGC standard.

Question 9

SOS (Full Term)

Accepted Answer

Sensor Observation Service (OGC)

Question 10

Sensor Observation Service (OGC)

Accepted Answer

Request Sensor measurements and get a response (O&M or SensorML)

Question 11

SOS Operations

Accepted Answer

o Core: § GetCapabilities § DescribeSensor § GetObservations o Transactional § InsertSensor § DeleteSensor § InsertObservation o Enhanced § GetFeatureOfInterest § GetObservationByID o Result Handling § InsertResult § GetResultTemplate § GetResult Application Domains - Hydrology - Air quality - Weather monitoring - Humans as sensor - Traffic - Geology - …

Question 12

SensorThings API (OGC)

Accepted Answer

- OGC SensorThings API - Complementary specification to enhance the OGC SWE framework for Internet of Things applications - Simplified approach based on REST and JSON. o REST binding for SOS functionalities o JSON binding for the O&M model - Two parts o Data access o Sensor tasking - Focused on IoT applications - Additional specific functionalities such as MQTT support Published in 2016 (Part 1

Question 13

MQTT (Full Term)

Accepted Answer

Message Queuing Telemetry Transport

Question 14

MQTT - Message Queuing Telemetry Transport

Accepted Answer

- Lightweight Publish/Subscribe protocol - Brokers ensure communication. - Also used by the SensorThings API. o Publishing of new observations. o Delivering changed/new entities (e.g., observations) to users.

Question 15

WPS (Full Term)

Accepted Answer

Web Processing Service

Question 16

Web – based Geoprocessing Basic Goals:

Accepted Answer

- Being able to share processes in a heterogeneous and distributed computing environment, as to o Share knowledge (white box processes) o Reuse existing implementations. o Share computing capabilities (e.g., from cloud and GRID)

Question 17

WPS

Accepted Answer

- OGC Web Processing Service (WPS) o OGC Standard since late 2007 (since 2015 Version 2.0) - http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/wps - Standardized service interface to publish and execute geospatial processes over the web: o How to describe process offerings o How to describe inputs/outputs and parameters o How to invoke a processing service

Question 18

WPS -Typical use cases

Accepted Answer

o Providing rich data interfaces (functional views on very large datasets) o Providing access to complex simulation models (e.g., weather forecast) Interface

Question 19

Implementation WPS

Accepted Answer

o encapsulate any business logic (simple functions up to complex models) o implement a web service profile for processing Geospatial Data. o can be integrated into any application through standardized web interfaces. - can be operated both within local or remote computing environments (SaaS)

Question 20

Metadata Definition

Accepted Answer

o Metadata is structured information, that describes, explains, locates, or otherwise makes it easier to retrieve, use or manage an Information resource. (NISO 2001)

Question 21

Meta- Metadata

Accepted Answer

Data about Metadata

Question 22

Descriptive Metadata

Accepted Answer

o Describes a resource for purposes such as discovery and identification. It can include elements such as title, abstract, author, and keywords.

Question 23

Structural Metadata

Accepted Answer

o Indicates how compound objects are put together, for example, how pages are ordered to form chapters.

Question 24

Administrative Metadata

Accepted Answer

provides information to help manage a resource, such as when and how it was created, file type and other technical information, and who can access it

Question 25

Geographical metadata schema

Accepted Answer

o It provides information about the identification, the extent, the quality, the spatial and temporal aspects, the content, the spatial reference, the portrayal, distribution, and other properties of digital geographic data and services.

Question 26

CSW (Full Term)

Accepted Answer

Catalog Services

Question 27

CatalogServices (CSW) Operations

Accepted Answer

- Operations o GetCapabilities § Requesting metadata, which describe this catalog service. o DescribeRecord § Requesting the XML Schema of the metadata, which describe the resources registered in this catalog o GetRecords § Requesting metadata on the resources, registered in this catalog o GetRecordById § Requesting a metadata record with a certain id o Transaction § Creating, changing and deleting certain metadata records o Harvest § Inserting or updating metadata records by reading metadata from another metadata repository

Question 28

RDF (Full Term)

Accepted Answer

Ressource Description Framework

Question 29

RDF – Resource Description Framework

Accepted Answer

- ...is a language for expressing information about resources (resources can be anything, e.g.: documents, people, abstract concepts...) - …uses URIs both as identifiers and as links to further information. - …supports statements about resources in the following structure (RDF triples): o

Question 30

INSPIRE (Full Term)

Accepted Answer

Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community

Question 31

Inspire Motivation

Accepted Answer

- Facilitate the availability of and access to spatial information as to better support Community environmental policies. - Improve interoperability by agreeing on standards. - Reduce organizational impediments. - Increase provision of content accessible via the Internet. o Provision of web accessible data and services (mapping, data access, ...) o Managing intellectual property rights (licensing, security) o Provision of (meta -) information about existing information resources - (metadata, catalogues, …)

Question 32

INSPIRE Principles

Accepted Answer

- Data should be collected only once and kept where it can be maintained most effectively. - It should be possible to combine spatial information seamlessly from different sources across Europe and share it with many users and applications. - It should be easy to discover which spatial data is available, to evaluate its fitness for purpose and to know which conditions apply for its use.

Question 33

INSPIRE Components

Accepted Answer

EU Directive EU Regulations EU Decisions EU Recommandations

Question 34

INSPIRE EU Directive

Accepted Answer

i. .. addressed to the Member States, it is main purpose is to align national legislation. ii. binding on the Member States as to the result to be achieved but leaves them the choice of the form and method they adopt to realize the Community objectives within the framework of their internal legal order. iii. If a directive has not been (completely) transposed into national legislation (in time) in a Member State, citizens can directly invoke the directive in question before the national courts.

Question 35

INSPIRE EU Regulations

Accepted Answer

a general measure that is binding in all its parts. Unlike directives, which are addressed to the Member States, and decisions, which are for specified recipients, regulations are addressed to everyone. directly applicable, which means that it creates law which takes immediate effect in all the Member States in the same way as a national instrument, without any further action on the part of the national authorities.

Question 36

INSPIRE EU Decisions

Accepted Answer

the instrument by which the Community institutions give a ruling on a particular matter. The persons to whom it is addressed must be specified individually (e.g., to companies or individual member states), which distinguishes a decision from a regulation, binding in its entirety.

Question 37

INSPIRE EU Recommandations

Accepted Answer

allows the institutions to make their views known and to suggest a line of action without imposing any legal obligation on those to whom it is addressed

Question 38

Challenges Data Interoperability

Accepted Answer

- Different concepts/meanings. - Different levels of detail. o Granularity of concepts. o Spatial & temporal resolutions. - Different level of accuracy. - Different representations - …

Question 39

Data Transformation

Accepted Answer

a. Pre-Processing data before providing access (off–line transformation) b. Processing data while accessing (on–the–fly transformation) c. Using transformation service (on-the-fly transformation)

Question 40

Data Harmonisation

Accepted Answer

a. “.. is the process of modifying / finetuning semantics and data structure to facilitate compliance with agreements specifications, standards, or legal acts ) across borders and/ or user communities. b. ‘B’ (i.e., data provider modifies their proprietary data model and data acquisition process to facilitate transformations to the exchange language) may be necessary to make ‘A’ possible.

Question 41

ISO 19109 General Feature Model

Accepted Answer

The GFM is a meta-model for developing conceptual models of spatial object types, their properties and associations

Question 42

INSPIRE What member states have to do …

Accepted Answer

A) Identify spatial datasets addressed by INSPIRE. a. digital dataset, in scope of Annex I III, under national jurisdiction B) Document these datasets. a. create and publish INSPIRE compliant metadata. C) Provide web services for identified spatial datasets. a. view, download, transformation, D) Provide datasets and services aligned with INSPIRE data models. a. Data elements as required by the Implementing Rules on the Interoperability of Spatial Data sets and services.

Question 43

INSPIRE IR Monitoring & Reporting

Accepted Answer

- Article 1 Subject matter o “This Decision lays down detailed rules on monitoring by Member States of the implementation and use of their infrastructures for spatial information and on reporting on the implementation of Directive 2007/2/EC.” - Provisions o Monitoring annually. - existence & conformity of Metadata, geographical coverage and conformity of data sets, accessibility of metadata through discovery services, accessibility of data sets through view and download services. o Reporting three years period - Coordination & quality assurance, use of the infrastructure, stakeholder involvement, data sharing arrangements, cost, and benefit aspects.

Question 44

GDI DE (Full Term)

Accepted Answer

GeoDatenInfrastruktur DE

Question 45

GDI DE – Legal Framework

Accepted Answer

- „Geodatenzugangsgesetz“ transposes the INSPIRE Directive into national law. o provision of data and metadata through services, interoperability, coordination body, portal, authorization to the federal government set up further regulations. - Each federal state (16) has its own similar law as to transpose INSPIRE to its legislation. - Agreement between Federal Republic of Germany and Federal States on organizational issues.

Question 46

Copernicus - The European Earth Observation Programme

Accepted Answer

• Independent access to Earth Observation Data at global scale, to support … – protection of the environment – civil protection and security efforts – smart, sustainable and inclusive growth of the European Economy • Collecting data from multiple sources – Earth observation satellites – In-situ sensors such as ground stations, airborne and sea-borne sensors • … as to provide users with reliable and up-to-date information through a set of services* related to environmental and security issues.

Question 47

Copernicus Components

Accepted Answer

(a) a service component ensuring delivery of information in the following areas: atmosphere monitoring, marine environment monitoring, land monitoring, climate change, emergency management and security. (b) a space component ensuring sustainable spaceborne observations for the service areas referred to in point (a). (c) an in-situ component ensuring coordinated access to observations through airborne, seaborne and ground based installations for the service areas referred to in point (a).

Question 48

Copernicus - Data Access policy

Accepted Answer

Dedicated mission data and Copernicus information shall be made available through Copernicus dissemination platforms, under predefined technical conditions, on a full, open and free-of-charge basis, subject to the following limitations: – (a) licensing conditions for third party data and information. – (b) formats, characteristics and dissemination means. – (c) security interests and external relations … – (d) risk of disruption of the system producing Copernicus data ... – (e) ensuring reliable access to Copernicus data and information…

Question 49

Sentinel Series of Satellites & Sensors

Accepted Answer

• Sentinel-1 (4/2014) – all-weather, day and night radar imagery for land and ocean services • Sentinel-2 (6/2015) – high-resolution optical imagery for land and emergency services: vegetation, soil and water cover, inland waterways, coastal areas • Sentinel-3 (2/2016) – high-accuracy optical, radar and altimetry data for marine and land services: e.g. sea-surface topography, surface temperature, … • Sentinel-4 and -5 (2020) data for atmospheric composition monitoring, embarked on MeteoSat and MetOP satellites

Question 50

Copernicus – In Situ Component

Accepted Answer

Term „in-situ“ being used in a broader sense: “‘in situ data’ means observation data from ground-, sea- or air-borne sensors as well as reference and ancillary data licensed or provided for use in Copernicus;“ • All observations and measurements, which are not space-born – Measuring stations, balloons, air-born sensors, crowd sensing .. • Information products, which are derived from ‚in-situ‘ observations and measurements – Digital topographic maps, elevation models, ortho-imagery, protected sites, street network, thematic maps , demographic data

SII (Fach) / SII (Lektion)