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Intro BiOC (Fach) / Klausur21 (Lektion)
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- Plankton sizes (Hentschel) in µm femto : 0,01-0,2 -> viruses pico: 0,2-2 -> bacteria, archae, some lfagellates nano : 2-20 -> flagelates, diatoms, dino micro : 20-200 cilliates, diatoms, dino , other algae
- prochlorococcus dominant ps oceanic bacteriume in the ocean
- SAR 11 SAR11 subgroup (sargosso sea isolate) phylum proteobacteria, 25% of microbial plankton pelagibacter ubique: most abundandt, 29 h doubling time, small genome 1-3 Mb
- synechocccus powerengines of the ocean phylum cyanobacteria, class cyanophycae obligate photoautotroph size 0,8-1,5 µm reevant for carbon cycle most sequenced marine clade prochlorococcus-syneococcus continuum in warm oligotroph waters
- candidate phyla no cultured representatives since ´95 more than 700 candidates nameas have been proposed <75 % sequence similarity of 16S rRna to nearest phylum genomic data from over 1000 uncultured microorg: reconstructed tree of life: 92 bacteria phyla-26 archae-5euka
- poribacteria specific to sponges vertically transmitted global distribution metabolic active
- 16S rRNA high copy numbers in metabolically active cells (104 ribosomes) contains conserved and variables regions
- cyanobacteria blue-green algae usually chlorpohyll a some species with gas vacuoles and are able to fix n2 trichodesmiun (filamentous)
- heterocontophyta diatoms only coccoid ubiquitos, among moste important groups silicated cell wall, epi und hypothek
- prymnesiophyta 2 smooth flagella, 1 haptonema cpccolitophores: cells coverd in caco3 scales, important in oligotroph seas prymnesiales: cells covered in organic cells
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- cryptophytes only flagelates almost found everywhere, but rarely dominant rhodomonas
- Dinophytes dinoflagelates 2 flagella, 1 longitudinl, 1 transversal 2 furrows("girdle" around cell, "sulcus" ventral) many mixotrophs& heterotrophs naked and armoured (with or without thick cellulose plates) sometimes toxic (A.minutum->red tides, shellfish toxins)
- chlorophytes ancestral group of higher plants chlorophycae
- DVM diel vertical migration adds to biol crbon pump migarte down to ~ 400 m during day, upwards during night (like a blanket) depth determined by light penetration
- hetero vs meroplanktion hetero= entire life cycle in plankton mero= only part (benthic adult/free swimming larvae/egg)
- food in the ocean diluted suspension of food, layered its not a mixed soupsoupsoup! vllt eine Leakyhousesoup
- which animals moves using a sail? LEA LENA ZINK
- pelagic feeding diffusion feeding: only suitable for very smal particles filter and pump: Appendicularian & tunicates salps->muscular contraction doliolids-> feeding curretn by ciliat motion ambush feeding: leaping forward, copepods feed on marine snow: copepod, vampire aquid
- ctenophores jellys holoplanktonic colloblasts(Sticky cells), adhesive granules, glue onto prey, then retraction ctens: fused cilia whoch form plates,typically eight rows of these comb plates (name: comb jelly)
- cnidaria hydrozoa, scyphozoa, cubozoa benthic polypgeneration, pelagic medusa generation cnidoblasts( stinging cells) aurelia aurita, box jelly, periphylla periphylla cnidoblasts consist of cnidocysts: coiled threat with trigger in nematocysts siphonophora form pelagic colonies, polyps with different funtions(capture, digestion/ gastrozoids); pneumatophore holds animal in vertical position physalia physalis portugues man o´war
- chordata tunicates pyrosomes(Feuerwalzen), salps p=swimming colonies of small sea aquirds colonial zoids pyrosome atlanticum: efficient filter feeder 35l/h formin kills and guts out, uses burrow as stroller
- crustaceans copepods 12 different life stage.6naupliar 6 copepodids 10 orders in pelagic, 4 most important:calanoids, cyclopoida, poecilostomatoidea,harpacticoid eupahausiids -> krill, shrimp like, external gills decapods-> no external gills amphipods ostracods
- crustaceans copepods 12 different life stage.6naupliar 6 copepodids 10 orders in pelagic, 4 most important:calanoids, cyclopoida, poecilostomatoidea,harpacticoid eupahausiids -> krill, shrimp like, external gills decapods-> no external gills amphipods ostracods
- water column epi: 0-200 meso:200-1000 bathy:1000-4000 abysso: 4000-6000 hadal: >6000m
- adaption midwater/OMZ low metabolic rate neutral buyancy cryptic-dark apparenace reduced muskulature haemocyanin- higher O2 affinity large gill surface
- 3 adaptations to life in the deep sea slow metabolism haemocyanin for highe 02 affinity neutral buoyancy cryptic/dark apperance bioluminescence
- what are foundation species also known as initiators, habitat engineers, first species to arrive to potential new habitat. once they settled, they have the capacity of rapid spreadin (colonial/gregariuos)-> attraction of secondary settlers of the same species giant kelp-> Kelp forest stony corals-> Global coral distribution mangrove-> mangrove forest bivalves_> mussel beds
- fringing reef grow directly from shore line
- barrier reef develop lagoons between reef and shore line find mangroves and seagrass as well (GBR <3)
- atoll circular reeef shaped, thought to be derived from sinking volcano maldives, may have islands new hypothesis : build up is mainly driven by seawater level changes
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- what is the main symbiont of corals dinoflagellates in gastrodermal layer in oral tissue in specielaist vacuoles host-> protection/inorganic nutrients dino-> oxygen and organoc nutrients
- salt tollerance in mangrove differ in salt excretion and exclusion excretion: most mangroves, special glands/pores exclusion : create a barrier, acts against osmosis
- root systems in mangrove pneumatophores, prop/stilt roots, kneed roots, plank roots
- what abiotic factors change in deep water masses during their journey along the great conveyor belt? accumulation of nutrients accumulation of SiO2 and CaCO3 more marine snow, uptake from sediment age
- which biological processes impact oceanic nitrogen concentration nitrification and annamox
- how does viscosity of the medizm impact different size classe of organism in the ocean ? impact declines with increasing size reynolds numbers diffusion
- which factors define the lower distributon boundary of coastal macrophytes? locally, regional, global temp, saliniyt, air exposure, wave action, tide , etc
- what is chemosysnthesis metabolic option for generating energy and bauteile source is chemical-> chemothrophy if it is organic (glucose, acetate,...)-> chemoorganothrops if its anorganic(CH2,H2S,...)-> chemolithothrophs
- common feature in carbon fixation pathways? describe in general termns inorganic carbon compunf linked to an organic acceptor molekule by caroxylating enzyme, which need to be regenerated (energy and reducing equivalent needed) in algae/plants-> CBB Cycle microorganism-> CBB, reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, and 4 more
- ekman transport deflection of wind energy o underlying watermasses, deflection by 30-45°
- what genes are used in phylogenetic trees an why? 16S rRNA and mtDNA= contain higlhy conserved regiosn and flexible ones
- main purpose of citric acid cycle in mt matrix energy generation in termns of ATP, NADPH + H+, and FADH2 through oxidation of c atoms in citrate rest (-> release of C0²