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Intro BiOC (Fach) / Klausur21 (Lektion)
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- What abiotic factors make life int he ocean different from life on land? light limitation/penetration salt nutrient depletion stratification viscosity
- What is the reynolds number? determins the importance on viscosity R= (U*L*p)/ µ U= fluid or object velocity L= length of object p=fluid density µ= fluid viscosity U&L determine reynolds number, R>>1- dominance of inertia, turbulent flow R<<1 dominance of viscosity and drag, laminar or no flow
- Why is the Ocean salty River input contains more Ca²+ than Na or Cl, but this is take up NaCl has a higher residence time since it is not comsumed
- 2 main processes of ocean circulation thermohaline circulation( great ocean conveyor belt) wind (Wind driven circulation)
- Whats the basis of the thermohaline circulation diefferences between water bodies ( temp, salinity,)properties-> heating, gobal energy budget Great ocean conveyor belt-> the oldest water is in the pacific bottom, low o² due to remineralization, hight nutrient (marine snow, aggregation) Higher DIC( pacific tat more acidified than atlantic
- Basis of winddriven circulation Eckman spiral, defelction of water body by 30-45°, each layer effecting the one below gyre creation due to eart rotation(east to west) correolis -northern hemsiphere to the right, southern to the left subtropical gyres are characterized by low productivity (Low chl)due to less input from upwelling, may have dust input diazotrophic algae/bacteria-> N2 fixation
- what the euphotic zone Zone with enough lght to sustain phostosynthetic acitivity, mostly restriceted to the top 100m (suffiecient light for primary production)
- Which wave length is PAR? Which wl goes deepest PAR= photosyntheic active radiation= 320-720 nm short wavelength around 500 nm, red vanishes first
- whats the compensation depth depth were the gross primary production is equal to respiration (=1% PAR)
- difference GPP and NPP? GPP=gross pp: rate of production of of organicmatter from inorganic materials by autotroph organism NPP= net pp: net rate of organic matter produced by the cell (GPP-R)
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- Light reaction to capture photons in photoharvesting system in chloroplast -converts light energy in chemical energy delivers reduction equivalents NADPH/H+ and energy ATP for CO2 fixation Oxygen from pS comes from splitting H20
- DArk reaction fixation of CO2 (classic in CalvinBenson) fixed by RUBISCO (Ribulose-1,5-bisphophate-carboxylase) carboxylyrung->reduktion->regeneration
- Photosynthetic pigmetns and absorptions ranges Chl a ->350-450 nm carotenoids(photoprotective) -> 450-500 " ps active -> 480-520 nm phycobilin -> 520-600 nm
- HOw do macrophytes optimize perfomance cellular differentiation, control positioning of chloroplats
- P vs I curve light limitation- saturation- light limitation light compensation point ect pp
- which 6 elements comprise 95 % of ocean biomass C; N; O2; P; S; H
- Nutrient distribution ocean pelagic desert, upwelling, southern ocean iron limitation
- redfield ratio C:N:P= 106:16:1
- N:P constant between planktonic cells? N is stored in large chloroplasts &pyrenoid Generalist close to redfield, balance of growth and aquisition machinery Survivalist : high N:P (>30),sustain growth under limitation, copius resource-acquisition machinery, invest most in pigments for PP Bloomer: low N:P (<10), adapted for exponential growth, high proportion of growth machinery,
- Liebigs law of minimum the essential element in the lowest concentration is the limiting one( determine total bodymass)
- Limitation of pp upper layer nutrieent depledet, light, DCM close to bottom of euphotc uone
- auto vs heterotrophy carbonsource either inorganic + light-> auto organic -> hetero
- chem redox reaction that can be catalyzed by microbes oxygen-hydrogen (-237 kJ) hydrogen- fumarate (-86 kJ)
- carbon fixation calvin cycle
- metabolic options phototophy chemolitotroph (chemotrophy of inorganics) chemoorganotroph (organics)
- microbial lheterotrophy microbial loop jaja anla bla
- Mixotroph mixed food sources nudibranchs with photoautotrophs
- constitutive vs non-c stable plastids vs host endosymbiontic algae or kleptoplastids
- CO2genaration in heterothrophs citric acid cycle
- lytic vs lysogenic viral cycle lyse vs inclusion of genome in cell
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- DOM vs POM Dissolved organic matter : < 0,2 µm POM >0,2µm
- SAR drei Gruppen der Stramenopilen (inklusive der mehrzelligen Braunalgen), Alveolata und Rhizaria, aus deren Anfangsbuchstaben S-A-R der Name gebildet wurde.
- Alveolites ciliates, apicomplexa, dinoflagellates
- stramenophiles diatoms oomycete parasites
- Archaeplastids plants (land) green algae red algae
- ameobozoans dicty
- rhizarian foraminifera
- Plankton size pico -0,2-2µm nano 2-20µm micro 20-200µm meso 0,2-2mm macro 2-20mm mega >2 cm
- what is a phylogeny tree digram, that depicts the line of evolutionary decent of differetn species from a common ancestor
- eg speciation founders effect bottle neck mullers ratchet
- are there higher , lower or more advancet species? No all living organism are equally distant in time from the root of the tree of live. there are no higher, lower, primitive or advanced ones better -> early diverging/branching
- two main groups of the tree of life bacteria : single circular chromosom, not covered by nuclear membrane, no endomembran system or cell wall eukaryotes: endomembrane system (ER; GOlgi), Dna in chromosom. mt,
- 3 domains of life eukarotea bacteria archae
- endosymbiont theroy most ikely that archae took up symbiont eikayra may have evolved within the archae archae morphology close to bacteria contain 10 genes whihc where rthought t be exclusivly eukaryotes
- alveolates sar clade 3 main groups, high diversity system of abbutting membranous sacs (Alveoli) empty (Api, cil) oder filled with cellilosic (dino) ciliates, apicomplexia, dinoflagellates api= parasites like plasmodium cil=predators, free living- engulf prey dino= noctiluca for red tide,feeding via pallium ( extruding their stomach to digest prey/straw) can form complex eyes (retina,cornea, lense), nematocysts to catch prey
- Stramenophiles SAR Clade diatoms (some of ecological most importatn algae) also Kelp (multicellular ) half of s not ps active strongl supported by morphology and polecular phylogeny
- archaeplastids ancestor took up cyanobacterium, which evolved inside the cell to organell /chloroplast (younger, taken up after mt) (land) plants: green algae: -multicellular/unicellular red algae: multi or uni
- amoebozoans slime molds (terr)-> dicty
- Rhizarians foraminifera: singel compartments that are gradually added during lifespan
- obistokonts contains animals, here more unicellular group choanoflagellates: can fomr colonies, resemble specialized cells in sponges ->relative? Controversy: either ctenophora or porifera sister one of them is earliest sister to all animals moddeling predict ctenophora