Model Based Policy Analysis (Fach) / FEW (Lektion)
In dieser Lektion befinden sich 11 Karteikarten
The Food-Energy-Water-Nexus, Background, definitions, dimensions of security, Nexus drivers, FEW-Nexus and sustainability, NEXUS linkages
Diese Lektion wurde von Moadscha erstellt.
- Why is the FEW-Nexus so important? 1. Human livelihood and survival is dependent on the three fundamental goods: Food, water and energy. These goods are tied together and depend on each other through consumption and production linkages and through their reliance on limited resources: water, soil, land. 2. The pressure on scarce resources is increasing due to economic growth, climate change and urbanization. 4. To focus on synergies and linkages as well as tradeoffs between FEW, the Nexus perspective is essential to develop policies. 2011 there wa a Nexus-conference in Bonn.
- Define the FEW-Nexus Nexus = Verknüpfung, Zusammenhang The FEW-Nexus encompasses synergies and tradeoffs between food, energy and water security that are impacted by endogenous and exogenous drivers and cannot be captured if these sectors are analyzed in isolation. The FEW also serves the utility of promoting communication between stakeholders and facilitating policy formulation.
- How does the WHO define the four dimensions of security? 4 dimensions of security 1. Availability (macro level) 2. Access: physical and financial (micro level) 3. Utilization 4. Stability over time Keep in mind: 1. Access to food is strongly correlated to income and poverty 2. Dimensions of security exist at all three dimensions of sustainability (economic, social, ecologic) --> E.g. natural resource availability can only be achieved as long as the environment is intact 3. Access and utilization on social conditions such as poverty, knowledge and education about the right utilization as well as physical access in terms of market access or access to natural resources 4. Stability contingent on social stability and environmental factors such as weather variability
- What are endogenous and exogenous drivers of the Nexus? 1. Endogenous drivers: Directly affect the three nexus securities and are affected by them (reciprocity) --> E.g. technological innovations, prices or poverty --> E.g. poverty directly affects and is an inherent part of the access dimension of security, while higher food, energy and water security usually go in hand with lower poverty 2. Exogenous drivers: Affect but are not affected by the nexus securities --> E.g. population growth, economic growth, climate change, macroeconomic variables (exchange rate fluctuations) Often indirectly affect food, energy and water by creating spillovers through price and market mechanisms CAUTION: the broader the perspective on the economy and the longer the time horizon, the more drivers become endogenous --> E.g. at some point the few security could be so low that people die or that economic output stagnates and population and economic growth become endogenous parameters
- Describe the relationship between sustainability and the FEW-Nexus. The idea of FEW 1. The limits of growth (Club of Rome publication, 1972): Employs a simple global model to show that only considerable effort in terms of technological advances and self-imposed limits on economic and population growth would be able to ensure a sustainable world system beyond the year 2100 2. Brundtland report, Our common future (UN, 1987): development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Food, energy, and water are already highlighted as essential needs 3. SDGs: Food, energy, and water security feature prominently within the seventeen goals, but most important goal is complete poverty eradication until 2030 FEW-nexus and SDGs In comparison to the SDGs, the FEW-nexus approach allows focused policy-making If the ultimate goal of the SDGs is sustainable development, FEW-security become their natural core à ultimate goal FEW nexus approach devised to exactly avoid isolated policy making and to include potential externalities
- What are Nexus linkages? When talking about linkages it has to be distinguished between an agrarian regime with rainfed subsistence farmers relying on traditional biomass energy and industrial regime with heavy reliance on fossil fuels for industry and agriculture 1. In agrarian regimes the relationship between environment, and economy is of utmost importance 2. Linkages between FEW in agrarian developing countries are less technical and play a stronger role for socio-economic development than in industrialized countries
- Nexus linkages: energy-water Nexus linkages: energy-water - Developing countries: cooking energy from biomass is an input for clean water - More developed countries: energy needed for lifting, treating and distributing water - Reciprocal: water is essential for power generation, e.g. extraction of fossil fuels - Water needed for hydro energy production - Biofuel crops need water for growth
- Nexus linkages: food-energy Nexus linkages: food-energy - Most controversial link: food vs. fuel debate - Cooking energy needed for food utilization - Energy as input in food production: mechanized agriculture and irrigation require fuel, also transportation and processing of food
- Nexus linkages: food-water Nexus linkages: food-water - Water is essential to produce crops, vegetable and animal derived food items - In most developing countries agriculture is rainfed – irrigation water is restricted to high-value cash crops - Deforestation for food security might decrease water security by inhibiting the ability of soil to absorb rain water - Water: natural resource --> supply is contingent on the climate system - Water demand of crops: the form of evapotranspiration (Gesamtverdunstung) depends on climate features such as temperature and humidity as well as soil characteristics - Ecological processes mainly determine the role of water in FEW nexus!!!!
- How is it possible to analyze FEW-linkages? Analyzing FEW-linkages CGE model: economic and social dimension = food and energy security Microsimulation module: poverty Land transformation model: environmental dimension = GHG emissions Crop model: environmental dimension = water security --> Data about climate and agro-ecological condition Introduce a policy shock, economic growth or population growth
- Biofuel expansion in the context of FEW-Nexus: Malawi. Biofuel expansion in the context of FEW nexus: Malawi - Biofuel expansion can be a viable strategy for Malawi - Energy security does not have to come at the expense of food security - Inevitable tradeoffs for the environment - Biofuel crops are not worse than other export crops and can bring larger benefits --> Evaluation highly depends on the agricultural system and the scale (rainfed/irrigated, smallholders/big estates) --> Different land use --> Energy yield and productivity of crop per ha