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Zoology (Fach) / entomology (Lektion)
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- Life cycles of insects. two different ways of feeding throughout. Name if insects, accordingly. ♦ hemimetabol (feeds similar throughout the life cycle), Exopterygota (grasshopper, bugs) ♦ holometabol (feeds different throughout the life cycle), Endopterygota (butterflies, beetles)
- Entognatha springtails, no wings, internal mouthparts
- Apterygota & pterygota? ♦ no wings ♦ wings
- life cycle hemimetabol ♦ egg ♦ nymph ♦ nymph (bigger) ♦ adult --> grasshopper
- life cycle holometabol ♦ egg ♦ larva ♦ pupa ♦ adult --> butterfly
- hemiptera half wings
- coleoptera scale wings
- mecoptera long wings
- diptera two wings
- trichoptera hair wings
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- lepidoptera shell wings
- Elytra? Deckflügel
- Tarsus (pl. Tarsi)? final segment (=furthest from the body) of the leg
- mandibles? Kiefer. Strong on longhorn beetles
- Lamiinae? Determination? head almost 90°
- angled head? group? Cerambycinae
- Longhorn beetles losing habitat. Reasons for habitat loss? ♦ large beech logs ♦ old pine forest ♦ old alder forest ♦ dying shrub oak
- Species with signal for high conservation values? ♦ Raggbock, Tragosoma depsarium ♦ Reliktbock, Nothorhina muricata ♦ Granbock, Monochamus urussovii ♦ Nordlig blombock, Lepturalia nigripes ♦ Kantad kulhalsbock, Acmaeops marginatus
- Characteristic for apterygote insects? ♦ hatch the eggs in a form very similar to the adult. lacking reproductive organs though. ♦ only increase in size. shedding coat periodically (molting or ecdysis)
- Differences of endopterygota (young stages to adult) ♦ absence of wings ♦ different mouth parts ♦ different types of food sources ♦ contain resting stage (no feeding as pupa)
- what is the only common character of insects? order name? all of them have six legs (hexapoda) --> problem: extra-abdominal legs (adaption to holding on to plants)
- Thorax. Segments? Carrying? ♦ 3 segments, each carrying one leg. ♦ prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax (front to back) ♦ mesothorax and metathorax (wings are attached here)
- head. segments? ♦ six segments, welded together ♦ mandibles ♦ palps to hold food
- abdomen. segments? ♦ eleven segments ♦ threads, appendages or cerci are attached to the abdomen. ♦ in larvae prolegs can be attached to the abdomen.
- protura? ♦ entognatha, internal mouthparts ♦ soil living ♦ transparent ♦ feed on hyphae from fungi ♦ anamorphic living, adding body parts during molts.
- arthropleona (symphypleona)? ♦ springtails ♦ tail-like appendage (forcula) for jumping when threatened ♦ feed on algae, fungi, and decomposed plant material ♦ live on ground and in vegetation --> entognatha
- diplura? ♦ two tails ♦ tail is a cerci ♦ live in moist soil, leaf litter or humus ♦ feed on soil fungi ♦ long tails = herbivore; short tails = predators --> entognatha
- archaeognatha? ♦ only single mandible ♦ three appendages (middle one much longer) ♦ susceptible to dehydration ♦ even live in the Arctic ♦ feed from algae, but also lichens and mosses --> ectognatha, external mouthparts (apterygote)
- thysanura? ♦ three appendages of the same length ♦ silverfish ♦ feed on cereals, paste, paper, starch in clothes, rayon fabrics, and dried meats ♦ live inside caves or houses --> ectognatha, external mouthparts (apterygote)
- ephemeroptera? mayflies? ♦ three long terminal threads, antennae very short (adult) ♦ nymph is water living ♦ always hold their wings out ♦ cannot eat due to no mouthparts ♦ mostly feed on algae or diatoms, some are predators --> ectognatha, external mouthparts (pterygota, hemimetabol)
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- odonata? dragonflies? ♦ wings similar-sized with fine net veins ♦ adult and larvae are predators ♦ live in waters
- suborders of odonata (dragonflies) ♦ zygoptera (damselflies), in SWE smaller than true dragonflies. wings are hold diagonally backward/upward along body. nymph have flattened terminal appendages. ♦ anisoptera (true dragonflies), wings always straight out of the body. eyes almost as big as the head. nymphs with shorter appendages.
- plecoptera (stoneflies) ♦ double ladder on front wings ♦ long antennae and two terminal threads (mayflies have three) ♦ wings flat, sometimes pressed, against the body (mayflies hold them straight out from the body) ♦ nymphs oxygen-demanding (close to fast running waters) ♦ year turned around by hatching in winter! --> ectognatha, pterygota, exopterygota
- blattodea (cockroaches)? ♦ long antennae, thinning out to the end ♦ cerci ♦ scavengers or omnivores --> ectognatha, pterygota, exopterygota
- dermaptera (earwigs)? ♦ membranous wings folded underneath leathery forewings (dermaptera = skin wings) ♦ cerci is forceps-like ♦ flies very seldom ♦ lives under stones in dry or semidry habitats ♦ feeding omnivore (other insects, plants, ripe fruit, garbage) --> ectognatha, pterygota, exopterygota
- orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets)? ♦ long sturdy back legs and big saddle-shaped pronotum covering thorax ♦ but also ground living subspecies lacking this destinction --> ectognatha, pterygota, exopterygota
- Subspecies of orthoptera? ♦ ensifera (Tettigonoidea, e.g. bush crickets), antennae longer than body (antennae at least 30 segments) ♦ ensifera (Gryllidae, e.g. crickets), antennae never longer than body, flattened from above. ♦ caelifera (Acridoidea, e.g. grasshoppers), body flattened from the sides, wings in roof like position --> all species herbivores on vascular plants --> ectognatha, pterygota, exopterygota
- psocoptera (booklice)? ♦ small in size (< 5mm) ♦ with bump in the front of the head and biting mouthparts ♦ live on bushes and trees ♦ feed on algae, fungi and lichens (but also books under unfortunate abiotic conditions) --> ectognatha, pterygota (even though indoor species lack wings), exopterygota
- phthiraptera (animal lice)? ♦ sucking, avian, and chewing lice ♦ spend all their life in the fur of mammals or feathers of birds. ♦ flat, short antennae, sturdy legs with stout claws
- thysanoptera (thrips)? ♦ thysanos = fringe, insects with fringed wings ♦ feed on plants but also animals by puncturing them ♦ some subspecies considered pest --> ectognatha, pterygota, exopterygota
- hemiptera (bugs)? distinction of different suborders? ♦ segmented proboscis at underside ♦ lack palps (small appendages at mouthparts) ♦ best distinction between different suborders: where is proboscis attached? --> ectognatha, pterygota, exopterygota
- Suborder of hemiptera? Sternorrhyncha (aphids, psyllids)? ♦ sternorrhyncha, because proboscis is located between front legs. ♦ herbivores on plants, where they suck plant juice ♦ all with tube-like cerci --> ectognatha, pterygota, exopterygota
- Suborder Auchenorrhyncha (cicadas and hoppers)? ♦ proboscis attached to back of the head ♦ wide head ♦ herbivores, sucking on plants --> ectognatha, pterygota, exopterygota
- heteroptera (true bugs)? ♦ proboscis attached far forward on head (in front of the eyes!) ♦ proboscis attached to forward or downward elongated head ♦ in water bugs and on terrestrial true bugs proboscis pressed against the body ♦ water bugs are all predators (antennae small and hidden) ♦ terrestrial bugs are herbivores (antennae may be rather long) ♦ bed bugs ♦ front wing always (partly) hard and chitinized (hence Heteroptera) --> ectognatha, pterygota, exopterygota
- Strepsiptera? ♦ parasitoids on other insects (bees, wasps, leafhoppers, silverfish, and cockroaches) ♦ only males follow morphological appearances of insects (large rear wings with weak veins and tiny club-shaped front wings) ♦ females are clumps parasitize on other insects for whole live --> ectognatha, pterygota, endopterygota
- Megaloptera (alderflies) ♦ brown wings with ladder of cross ribs ♦ aquatic insect ♦ predator on other aquatic insects, possessing strong jaws ♦ grow very slowly ♦ long appendages along the abdomen --> ectognatha, pterygota, endopterygota
- raphidioptera (snakeflies)? ♦ adults are characterized by having prolonged prothorax ♦ all are predators on other insects
- neuroptera (lacewings)? ♦ net wings, very transparent wings ♦ long filiform antennae ♦ preying on other insects --> ectognatha, pterygota, endopterygota
- coleoptera (beetles)? ♦ body covered by three shells (prothorax, cover wings) ♦ instead of proboscis beetles have mandibles and palps - myxophaga, feeding on algae - adephaga, predators --> ectognatha, pterygota, endopterygota
- mecoptera (scorpion flies)? ♦ head really elongated to a long beak ♦ antennae attached above and between the eyes ♦ male abdomen is swollen towards the end, forming a body part like a scorpion ♦ true scorpionfly is a predator, snowflies are feeding on moss ♦ for mating males offer gift prey --> ectognatha, pterygota, endopterygota