Monitoring of Marine Systems (Fach) / Part C (Lektion)
In dieser Lektion befinden sich 21 Karteikarten
Final Theory and Practical
Diese Lektion wurde von saha_rass erstellt.
- Metal Analysis Equipment a) flame b) Graphite furnance priciple of atomic absorption: metal absorb light at spec. wavelength a) metals ions are convertted into atomic state by a flame - when light of correct wavelength is supplied metal absorbs light and is measured -ppm range b) no flame but a graphite tube (electrothermal atomizer) - more sensitive ppb range
- Metal analyzer ICP-MS ICP (inductively coupled plasma) converts atoms into ions which are thrn seperated and detected by mass spectrometer + measures several metals in one run with equal or better detection limits as GFAAS - very expensive
- Liquid chromatography (HPLC) used for chlorophyll or PAHs pharmaceuticals: antibiotics Biochemicals: lipids Food Production: Antioxidants Pollutants: Pesticides Forensic Chemistry: drugs
- Gas Chromatography used for PAHs, PCBs, Pesticides direct vaporization of sample and driven thru coloumn (station) by mobile phase component that is most attracted to mobile phase , leaves coloumn first and reaches detector which translates data into chromatogram
- Why use Passive Sampling and advantages because grab sampling can miss pollutants (wrong timing, wrong place...) + can be deployed everywhere (contaminated water,....) + can save up to 30% of costs (no frequently return neccessary) = Cheap and simple + detect traces of contaminants, which can be already toxic (better to reach WFD limits) +provides time-weight average conc. & gives realistic loading conc. + detect episodic changes * good for longterm toxicology
- Diffuse Gradient Thin Films DGT used for soils, water and sediment and accumulates dissolved substances (traces of metals, nutrients, organic compounds, sulphides..) it measures average concentration in freshwater and seawater (hours to weeks) measures fluxes and concentrations measures effective solution concentratoins and high spatial resolution Mechanism: plastic housing with membrane filter, a diffuse gel layer and binding gel layer(accumulation of contaminants)
- Artificial Mussels for metals (not 100% realistic bc no metabolism) resin that binds ´metals and allows metal trace comparisson in different areas (used in 16countries world wide)
- Semi Permeable Membrane devive (SPMD) called artificial fish and used for hydrophobic/lipophilic substances such as Pesticides PCBs, PAHs
- Polar Organic Compound Integrated sampler microporous membrane of polyethersulfone with a sorbent (different sorents for different substances) for hydrophiliy and polar substances (API, Caffeine, Pesticides)
- REACH Eu Regulation for protection of human health and environment from chemicals, while anhancing competitiveness of chemical sector R = Registration of chemical compounds (collection of chemical properties) E= Evaulation of these compunds (evaluate if risk can be handled) A= Authorisation CH = Restriction of chemical
- Bio Monitoring and ist importance Biogical Marine Pollution Control - Systematic use of livong organisms to assess environmental changes >cannot measure all contaminants with normal monitoring (abiotic) and not enough money >>biomarkers/indicators are a cheap alternative with low detection limits >>with abiotic measurements i cannot assess the effect of the contaminant >pollutants might interact within the organism (synergistic, antagonistic, additive) early warning system of possible greater damage a) Bioindicators are species whose function, status, or population can reveal qualitativ estatus of environmnet eg Mussel Watch program b) Biomarker : measureable respiratoryproducts of bioindicators to asses quantitative status and effects of /on envuronment
- Criteria on biomarker a) sentinelb) geographical widelly distributedc) low metabolismd) significant Response to contaminante)species of interest (economical, aesthetic)f ) suitable for lab and field studies
- Species use soft tissues and shells of mussels, and use bivalves with different feeding strategies (filter feeding, sediment , detritivous gastropods) also consider different trophic levels common mussel is mythilus galloprovincialis
- 4 methids to conduct in situ biomonitoring 1) detect concentrations in bioindicator species 2)Identify the effects on the organisms 3) Observe population - absent, present, composition of ecosystem 4) identify strains , that developed resistance to pollutants
- Biomarker of Susceptibility Biomarker of exposure Biomarkers of effect Susceptibility: Antioxidative stress: Catalase, GPx, Superoxide dismutase Exposure: Cytochrome P450, Metallothioneins, ALAD Effect: Lipidperoxidase, DNA damage, Imposex, Histopathological alterations >>Need a battery of biomarkers!
- Effects of pollutants cellular, morphological, biochemical, physiological, behavioral
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- Examples of conventions which use biomarkers OSPAR UNEP NOAAs national state programm Mussel Watch General used in Environmental Risk assessement (ERA)
- Marine Litter MED 2016-2019 Prevent and manage damage through marine litter through implementation of marine litter plan project aims to promote regional governance on marine litter among all stakeholders
- Practical: Why is important to measure concentration of suspended solids because they can cause turbid water which decreases photosynthesis and thus, dissolved oxygen concentration also they can cause breathing problems by clogging fish's gills
- Practical suspended solid fraction measurement filter water sample through 0.45µm pore membrane and dry at 103°C in oven to constanct weight. initial weight and final weight of filter represents the fraction
- List passive sampling methods Diffuse Gradient thin films Artifical Mussel Polar Organic Compund integrated Sampler Semi permeable membrane device