Linguistik Vorlesung (Fach) / Middle English (Lektion)
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Klausur
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- Middle English in General 1150-1500 Norman Conquest: 1066 Battle of Hastings-several 100 000s deaths -> Normans in total control-Norman-French dialect develops-French became the language of the govering class-majority of the people still spoke English-OE still used till 1150 -> gradual (schrittweise) change to Middle English-abscence of written standard --> much dialectal writing--> Loss of Normandy in 1204 to French kingdom -> removal of important tie to FranceBUT French remains dominant language of the upper class-at the end of 13th ct --> upper class needed to communicate with the people and had to talk in English--> 100 year war -> death to already declining use of French-1362 Parliament opened in English-1382 lessons in English in school
- Changes in Spelling -quote a new look-new consonant symbols (g for ʒ; z besides s) -<ð> and <þ> were gradually replaced by <th>-double letters to indicate vowel lenght and preceding short vowel
- Changes in Pronunciation -voiced fricatives become phonemic, no longer allophones-loss of phonologically long consonants (frogga -> frog) consonants:-loss of /h/ in initial clusters (hring -> ring)-reduction of OE prefix ge- to i- (genog -> inough)-frequent loss of final consonants following unstressed vowel vowels:-unrounding of /y/ to /i/-long æ -> long ɜ, long a -> ɔ-diphthongs reduced to monophthongs-reducton of unstressed vowel to schwa-new diphthongs: /oi/ choice, /au/ claw, /ou/ bow
- Changes in Grammar great recution of inflectional system:-cause: OE mixing with Old norse (similar but ON much less inflectional -> doubts and confusion -> needed to relie on other devices) -loss and weakening of unstressed syllables at end of words destroyed many distinctive inflections -> OE -a, -e, -u became ME -e / OE -an, -on, -un, -um became ME -em -> -e-even -e dissapeared after a while-now many endings are identical (even in declination)--> whole inflectional system was simplified--> number of different cases reduced-different declensions used in North (-es) and South (-en)-es shifted southern -> -en became universial--> major change in structure of language --> grammatical gender dissapeared, replaced by natural gender-pronouns only word class that keep inflection syntax-as inflectional system decayed -> other devices were increasingly used to replace it-word order became more important-inflections weren't able to show anyone which noun was the subject of the sentence and which was the object --> this function was taken over by SVO order --> dominant in ME AND -another device: use of seperate words to perform the function formally carried out by word-endings-e.g. in, with, by (dæges and nihts -> by day and by night)-no prepositions in OE -> prepositions today translate into OE inflectional endings)
- Word-stock -lost of OE wordstock (through French)French influence-influx of French words (French words + Germanic morphemes)-brought about by the conquestborrowing for need-muss less numerous (ca 900 words)-words were needed: prince, duke, story, preachborrowing for prestige-those speaking French were increasingly turning to the use of English-Upper class carried over an astonishing number of commong Eng words (chancellour, crime, army, captain)-1250-1400: 40% of French words came in-total of borrowd words -> 10 000 - 75% still in use today-loss of native words due to duplications --> synonymsLatin borrowings-Words directly borrowed from Latin – less popular; through the written lge-spoken among ecclesiastics & men of learning-technical and professional uses--> synonyms of 3 levels: Latin (epoch), English (time), French (age) Rise of a London Standard-decline of French -> Eng regained its social status as language of the ruling class-but was there a standard?-ME – dialectal diversity <- absence of any recognized literary standard; differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, inflexion--> speech of London (essentially East Midlandish) became standaerd for all of England(Caxton and the invention of the printing press)