Breast cancerMost breast cancers are adenocarcinomas, arising from ductal tissue (80%) or lobular tissue (20%). Non-invasive:1. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)∼25% of all newly diagnosed breast cancers- Localization: ...
Fibroadenom- Häufigste Mammatumor der jungen Frau- Meist solitär, gut abgrenzbar, adolent, mobil 1. Mischtumor: Mesenchymale (Stroma, fibrös) und epitheliale (glandulär) Komponente 2. Gutartiger Tumor: Scharf ...
Mastopathie (= Fibrozystische Veränderungen)Vielzahl proliferativer oder degenerativer Umbauprozesse des Brustdrüsen-Parenchyms, die meist durch hormonelle Dysbalancen zwischen Östrogenen und Progesteron verursacht sind. 1. Fibrose des Zwischengewebes ...
Invasives dukales Karzinom- Fibrolipomatös umgebautes Mammagewebe - Stromale Invasion - Tumorknoten aus schalen soliden Strängen und vereinzelten Drüsenstrukturen - Immer wieder in situ Komponente (DCIS) mit Nekrosen und ...
Invasives lobuläres Mammakarzinom- Tumorwachstum vorwiegend in schmalen, soliden Strängen, meist in Einerreihen - 'Zieltarget' Strukturen - Monotone Zellen diffus verteilt
Germ cell ovarian cancerGerm layers: Ectoderm; mesoderm; endoderm; Some don't differentiate and remain pluripotent → head to ovary or testes and eventually turn into egg/sperm. 4 Types:1. Teratoma: Comes from any of the ...
Ovarian cancer types1. Epithelial cell cancer (most common)- Serous- Mucinous- Endometroid- Transitional (Brenner) 2. Germ cell cancer- Teratoma- Yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor)- Choriocarinoma- Dysgerminoma 3. Sex ...
Sex cord-Stromal tumors of the ovaryGranulosa-Theca cell tumor:- Most common malignant stromal tumor- Middle-aged women- Produce estradiol → uterine bleeding, breast tenderness, early puberty in young girls- Fluid pocks throughout tissue ...
Benigne Prostatahyperplasie- Knoten - Hyperplasie und Hypertrophie der Drüsen (zystisch dilatierte Drüsen mit Sekretretention) - Papilläres Epithel - Stromaproliferation und muskuläre Hyperplasie - Corpora amylacea (Prostatakonkremente) ...
Brustkarzinome MorphologieInvasiv duktales Karzinom- Knoten in der Brust- Häufig assoziiert mit Mikrokalk Invasiv lobuläres Karzinom- Kein Knoten, nur Architekturstörung- Keine Verkalkung intratumoral- Diffuser Tumor- Häufig ...
Adenokarzinom der Zervix- 20% der Zervixkarzinome, steigende relative Inzidenz- 94% Assoziation zu HPV 16, 18, 45 Makroskopie: 50% mit polypoidem Wachstum Mikroskopie:- Drüsenstrukturen mit Atypien und Invasion- Zahlreiche ...
Endometrial cancerType I endometrial cancer: endometrioid adenocarcinomas derived from atypical endometrial hyperplasiaType II endometrial cancer: tumors of nonendometrioid histology 1. Type 1 endometrial carcinoma: ...
Benign prostatic hyperplasiaCommon in men >50, considered a normal part of aging. 5α-reductase increases with age. - Covered by a capsule of connective tissue and smooth muscle- Peripheral zone: Largest zone, 70% of glandular tissue- ...
ProstatakarzinomGleason Score: Prognostischer Score- Primär und sekundär vorherrschendes Wachstumsmuster- Je nach Wachstum mit Punkten von 1 bis 5 bewertet- Addition zu einem Gesamtscore aus häufigstem und zweithäufigstem ...
Intraductal papillomaSolitary or multiple benign lesions that arise from the epithelium of breast ducts.- Peak incidence: 40-50 years Clinical features:- Most common cause of unilateral bloody nipple discharge- Large, central ...
EndometriosisDisease in women of reproductive age that is characterized by the occurrence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. Age of onset: 20-40 yearsIncidence: 2-10% of all women Location: Ovaries, fallopian ...
Uterine leiomyomaBenign, hormone-sensitive uterine neoplasms. The most common tumor of the female genital tract. Predisposing factors:- Nulliparity- Early menarche (< 10 years old)- Age: 25-45 years- Race: Black women ...
Cervical cancerEtiology:- Infection with high-risk HPV types: 16, 18Risk factors:- Early onset of sexual activity; multiple sexual partners (strongest risk factors)- High parity- Immunosuppression (e.g., HIV infection) ...
Fibrocystic changesBenign changes characterized by the formation of fibrotic and/or cystic tissue.- Most common benign lesion of the breast- Up to 50% of women are affected during their lifetime Etiology: unknown Clinical ...
MastitisInflammation of the breast parenchyma that is frequently seen in nursing mothers two to four weeks postpartum.- Incidence: up to 10% of nursing mothers (particularly 2-4 weeks postpartum) Etiology: Staphylococcus ...
FibroadenomaBenign breast tumor with fibrous and glandular tissue. Etiology: unknown, but a hormonal relationship has been established (growth may occur in parallel to increasing estrogen, e.g., during pregnancy ...
Phyllodes tumorRare fibroepithelial tumor with histology similar to that of fibroadenoma. Epidemiology:- 1% of all breast tumors- Most commonly benign- Peak incidence: 40-50 years Clinical features:- Painless, smooth, ...
Prostate cancer- Second most common cancer in men following skin cancer- Second leading cause of cancer deaths in American men (after lung cancer) Risk factors:- Advanced age (> 50 years)- Family history- African-American ...
Tumor markersAFP:- Hepatocellular carcinoma- Yolk sac tumor- Mixed germ cell tumors β-hCG:- Choriocarcinoma- Seminoma ALP:- Seminoma- Paget disease of the bone
Testicular tumorsStage I: Limited to the testicles without lymph node involvement Stage II: Retroperitoneal (beneath the diaphragm) lymph node involvement- Stage IIa: affected lymph nodes < 2 cm- Stage IIb: affected ...