Englisch (Subject) / STEOP/ Word formation (Lesson)
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- Word formation Wich types of word formation do you know? Compounding Affixations Conversion Shortenings
- Compounding Putting lexemes (content words, free morphemes) together to create something new. Geography Playground High-tech
- Where do we put the stress in a compound phrase ? On the first part (the left-hand member)
- Complexity and constituency What element contributes the main meaning ? The right hand element contributes the main meaning Nursery school teacher Wildlife sanctuary Fast-food restaurant
- Complexity and constituency Where do we add inflections ? We add inflections to the right hand element.
- What element has special important to a compound phrase? The right hand element has special importance It carries the core meaning It carries the inflection It determines the word class
- Affixation In Englisch we have two types of affixation -> Prefixes and Suffixes Since we are talking about Word formation, we talk about derivational affixes (bound lexical morphemes) (prefix) + base + (suffix)
- Prefixes Rarely change the word-class (write - rewrite)
- Suffixes Often change the word class (beauty - beautyful) Create derivatives of a certain word class ( -ful creates adj. / -ify creates verb) Suffixes can attach to certain bases ( -ful to noun but not to verbs) One Suffix can create different meanings, for instance Suffix: -er Teach er, Paint er... (people that do things -> agent nouns) Mix er, Toast er, (object that are used to do things -> instrumental nouns)
- Conversions Creation of a new word, belonging to a new word classes, but without any overt marking. it is also called zero derivation same form, different word-class/ meaning Examples: I read lots of books. --> This book is a good read.
- Shortenings Linguistic material is deleted as opposed to added Ther is no change in word class or meaning (except back formation)
- Shortenings 4 Types Clipping Bends Abbreviation Back formation
- Clipping Words are chopped down, but still same meaning University -> Uni Examination -> Exam Elizabeth -> Liz
- Blends Parts of two words are fused to make one: example: Motorway + Hotel = Motel / Breakfast + Lunch = Brunch
- Abbreviations Formed from the initial letters/ sounds of several words Acronyms: pronounced as a word: NASA, UNESCO, RAM Initialisms: pronounced letter by letter: CD, DVD, IPA Some Abbreviations make it into the general vocabulary LASER, ASAP, RADAR, SCUBA
- Back-formation Part of a word that appears to be a suffix is taken away --> This changes the word class Editor -> Edit / Babysitter -> Babysit / Sleepwalker -> Sleepwalk
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- Semantics The study of MEANING Meaning is conventional and arbitrary Arbitrary: There is no natural link between the form and meaning of a word Conventional: We aggree on a meaning, we create a link and this meaning is set within our speech community.
- Word meaning How can we distinguish them? We distinguish between conceptual and associative meaning
- Conceptual meaning essential features Boy: human, child, male Women: female, human, adult Denotative meaning
- Associative meaning Features we associate with it Boy: energetic, short hair, jeans Connotative meaning, Culturally determined
- Define meaning Meaning is the relation between a linguistic expression and a mental categroy that is used to classify objects. (concept)
- The semiotic triangle thoughts (sense) symbol referent -> denotation, connotation word --> concept --> things
- The semiotic triangle Sense/ Denotation/ Conotation Sense: The descriptive meaning or concept of an word/expression for example for cake--> A sweet baked food made with flour, eggs, sugar Denotation: The potential referents of a word/ expression Conotation: The qualities asscoiated with those referents
- Word meaning theories Categorisation? How do we categorise? Categorisation: The classification of entities into mental categories How do we categorise? Atoms of meaning: Semantic features Fuzzy concepts: Prototype theory
- Semantic features man: + human, + male, + adult boy: +human, +male, - adult women: + human, - male, + adult girl: + human, + female, - adult
- Semantic features :) Advantages? Convenient explanation for meaning overlap Represents similarities and differences among sementically releted words Allows parallelism between sound/ meaning structure Seeks to find basic components for defining word meaning
- Semantic features drawbacks? Some features are not atomic componential analysis does not always grasp all there is to word meaning Which features are essential? What should be listed? Sometimes impossible to find core attributes
- Prototypes? We can speak of things as beeing "prototypical", that is when they are the best example of something
- Multiple Meanings? One word can have multiple meanings!
- Multiple meanings Polysemy. -> If one form has related meanings! She hit her head on the door frame She is the head of the finance department (Somehow the same, alltought it means something different) Head as the top of something.
- Multiple meanings Homonomy -> One form has multiple unrelated meanings! Can you throw me the ball? My girl and I are going to the ball, instead of Netflix and chill. I got smacked in the balls
- Multiple meanings Summarise POLYSEMY and HOMONYMY Polysemy: When two or more words have the same form and related meanigs Head (of a person, of a nail, of a department) One dictionary entry for polysemous words Homonomy: When two or more words have the same form and unrelated meanings Ball (formal dance, football etc.) Seperate dictionary entries for homonymous words
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- Multiple meanings Homophony? -> When two or more words have different forms (different spellings), but are pronounced the same for example: son/sun, trough/threw
- Multiple meanigs Synonymy -> When two or more words have different forms, but have the same meaning She appeared/seemed to be a little distracted. I phoned/called her last week. He’s a nice/pleasant guy
- Synonymy What problems are possible? Problem: Do they mean exactly the same thing He is a nice/pleasant guy. Problem: Do they mean the same in different context She appeared/ seemed to be a little distracted The mirrage suddenly appeared/ *seemed in front of me.
- Synonymy Only one meaning of... ....polysemous words can have a synonym Head: The head of the team - The leader of the team I hit my head on the door. I hit my leader on the door?
- Synonymy NOW be precise!! If we really want to be precise, we can conclude that there is no true synonym --> only "near-synonyms" He is a nice/ pleasant guy (small (subtle) differences in meaning)