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Englisch (Subject) / Steop (Lesson)
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- What is Linguistics? It is also called the study of Language The systematic study of the forms language can take and in which ways they are used.
- Lingusitic as a sience. Which important terms can you remember? Prescriptive vs. Descriptive Diachronic vs. Synchronic Syntagmatic (axis of combination) vs. Paradigmatic (axis of substitution) Langue (Language system) vs. Parole (Language use)
- Prescriptive vs. Descriptive The Prescriptive Perspective tells People how to speak in a formal way The Descriptive Perspective observe how People speak without judgement
- Difference between: Diachronic study of a language and Synchronic study of a language Diachronic studies language over time (What changes can be observed) Synchronic studies language at a certain point of time. (This type is abstract, because language is always in transition)
- What ist the syntagmatic axis? What is the paradigmatix axis? 1. The axis of combination: The boy eats cake 2. The axis of substitution The boy eats potato chips
- Langue vs. Parole Langue (Language system) is the system we are using in our heads to speak. Like the recipe Parole (Language use) is result of us using the system (result of recipe)
- What do you know about Semiotics? Semiotics is the study of signs. With signs we always have form and meaning relation. Icons: Form and meaning relation is easy to guess Indexes: Form and meaning relation is one of cause effect Symbols: Form and meaning realtion is arbitrary
- Linguistics signs ? Linguistic signs are always symbols and they consist of 2 parts: Signified (concept) and Signifier (sound sequence) The relation is most of the time arbitrary -> symbols
- What type of signs are onomatopoetic words? Icons, at least to a certain extent.
- Phonetics Phonetics is the study of human speech sounds What type of speech sound can we observe in the languages of the world or in one individual language How can we describe these speech sounds What criteria can we use to distinguish them
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- What type of phonetics do you know Articulatory phonetics: investigates how we articulate and produce sounds Acoustic phonetics: describes the physical properties of speech sounds Auditory phonetics: investigates how we hear and perceive speech sounds
- There is no one to one correspondence between spelling and pronunciation..... Thats why we use the IPA (international phonetic alphabet) it is a conventionalised way of writing speech sounds
- Basic components of the speech sound production system: Lungs Larynx (voice box) Vocal tract
- What ist the eggresive pulmonic air stream mechanism eggrisve: moving outwards pulmonic: from the lungs That mechanism produces an air stream that is pushed up from the lungs and leaves the body through the mouth or nose.
- If you want to know whether a sound is voiced or voiceless,.... ...just put your finger against your larynx and talk. Is it vibrating it is voiced
- Air stream: The air stream is modified by the organs of speech (articulators). The classifaction of speech depends mainly on where and how the air stream is modified. Active articulators: Movable, Lips, tongue Passive articulators: Non movable, Teeth, Hard palate, alveolar ridge
- Vowels & Consonants (Obstruction) Vowels: without obstruction of the air stream (modulation of air stream) Consonants: obstruction of the air stream
- Consonants describing sounds: Place of articulation (where the air stream is obstructed) Manner of articulation (how the air stream is obstructed) voicing (voiced or voiceless) -> do the vocal folds vibrate
- Place of articulation (8) Bilabial, lips, none Labio dental, lower lip, upper front teeth dental, tongue tip, upper fron teeth alveolar, tongue tip or blade, alveolar ridge palato-alveolar, tongue tip or blade, btw. alveolar ridge and hard palate palatal, tongue front, hard palate velar, tongue back, soft palate glottal, glottal folds, none
- Manner of articulation (5) Plosive (The air stream is blocked completely, then released (like an explosion)) Fricates (air stream is partially blocked, the air is squeezed trough causing friction) Affricates (combination of plosives and fricates, air stream is blocked, then released through a small channel) Nasals (oral cavity is closed, air stream leaves through nose) Approximants (no complete closure)
- How can we subcategorise the approximants? Liquids (/r/ /l/) & Glides --> semi vowels (/w/ /j/) Lateral (/l/) & Central (/r/, /w/, /j/) Lateral: The air passes around the sides of the tongue Central: The air escapes by flowing over the tongue
- Voicing Voiced: Vocal cords together, Vocal cords vibrate Voiceless: Vocal cords apart, No vibration -> voice simply passes trough Nasals and approximants are voiced
- Vowels/ Criteria for describing vowels height of the tongue: high - mid - low position in mouth/ part of tongue: front - central - back position of lips: rounded, unrounded length: long - short
- Height of tongue: how close the tongue is to the roof of the mouse: (IPA symbols)
- Tongue frontness. how front or back the raised part of the tongue is
- Lip rounding The vowels [u:] , [u] and [⊃:] involve a higher degree oflip rounding. Other sounds are more spread.
- Diphthongs Monophthongs (simple vowels) Quality remains (mostly) constant throughout the pronunciation of the sound Diphthongs Quality changes throughout the articulation (moves from one vowel position to another)
- There are two type of diphthong: Closing: Move towards a high vowel position at the end of the diphthong Centering: Move towards a schwa (central vowel) at the end of the diphthong (RP only!) Remember!!! All diphthongs that end in a schwa are centering diphthongs, all the rest are closing diphthongs! All diphthongs in General American are closing diphthongs!
- Phonetics Deals with the characteristics of sounds unit: phone narrow transcription [square brackets] what actually happens to make/ perceive the sound physical processes and properties a different phone does not necessarily mean different meaning
- Phonology Deals with abstract sound categories unit: phoneme broad transcription /slash forward brackets/ what you might find in a dictionary isn´t interested in the physical properties of sounds a change in phoneme means a change in meaning
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- What is phonology? But this time more in detail The study of abstract categories that organise the sound system of a language. It is also about the function and mental organisation of the sound inventory.
- Branches of phonology Segmental phonology: Looks at the function of individual sounds in a language (segments) Suprasegmental phonology: Investigates the features of pronunciation that extend beyond one segment (example: intonation)
- Definition - Phoneme Phonemes are the smallest meaning-distinguishing units in a language
- Phonemes do not carry meaning, but.... .... a change in phoneme cause a change in meaning.
- Minimal pairs Minimal pairs are words that differ in just one sound, and have a different meaning
- Allophones Allophones (of a phoneme) are phones that: - Do not distinguish meaning - Are phonetically similar, but not the same
- Complementary distribution - two allophones can not occur in the same environment - one specific environment requires a certain allophone (examples in the summary)
- Free variation? A certain position can be filled by different allophones
- Suprasegmental phonology What is it exactly? It is the combination of segments into larger units, such as syllables Phonological properties of longer stretches of speech (intonation,stress, rhythm, tone...)
- Syllabels What are they? A phonological unit above the phoneme It is very difficult to describe what a syllable is, even though pretty much all speakers of a language will have a feeling for it
- Syllabe - Defnition A not very specific description: the smallest rhytmic unit of speech
- What types of syllables are there? Monosyllabic = one syllable --> I, of, bee, lend, great, stream, crunched Polysyllabic = more than one syllable --> yellow, computer, America, personality, revolutionary
- The structure of a syllable σ 1. Onset (At least one consonant) 2. Nucleus --> Is obligatory (vowel; diphthong; syllabic consonant) 3. Coda (At least one consonant)
- The coda (filled or empty) If the coda is "filled", it is called a close syllabe (There is a consonant sound at the end) If the coda is "empty", it is called an open syllabe (The is no consonant sound at the end)
- Phonotactics - Definition A set of constraint regarding possible or impossible consonant clusters in either the onset or the coda -> Which consonants are allowed to go next to eachother.
- Syllabification. How do we decide? Maximal onset principle Sonority sequencing principle
- Maximal onset principle ? If you have to choose between filling the onset or the coda, choose the onset! If there is no other choice, then fill the coda.
- Sonority sequencing principle The sound in the onset must rise in sonority The nucleus is the most sonorous part of a syllable The sound in the coda must fall in sonority
- The position of /l/ in a syllable If /l/ is in the onset of a syllable, it is realized as a clear [l] If /l/ is in the coda of a syllable, it is realized as a dark [l]
- Sonority - Definition A measure of the output of periodic acoustic energy associated with the production of a particular segment, and hence its intrinsic loudness.