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Immunology (Subject) / Vaccination (Lesson)
- Active and Passive immunization passive: addition of antibodies (rabies) --> no memory active: injection of antigens +DAMP/PAMP --> memory cells
- Principles of Vaccination 1) priming lymphocytes to expand memory cells 2) use of harmless forms of the immunogen as antigen 3) use of adjuvants to enhance effect (DAMP/PAMP) 4) safe & affordable --> herd immunity 95%
- Antigen efficiency Generally more antigen and living MO = better
- Types of Vaccines 1)Natural live ( cow pox vs human pox) 2) attenuated live (virus made harmless) 3) Killed (neutralized bacteria) 4) inactivated toxins (tetanus) 5) subunit vaccines ( only part of virus injected) 6) Antigen in vector ( Hep B surface antigen) 7) conjugate vaccines ( protein + t-independent antigen = strong memory)
- purpose of Adjuvants 1) Immunostimulants: boosts immune response (Al2) 2) Depot formation/vehicle (longer presence of antigen) 3) induction of danger signals (stress or tissue damage)
- Types of natural adjuvants 1) inorganic salts 2) delivery systems (liposomes) 3) bacterial products 4) natural mediators (cytokines)
- Administration 1) injection (chance of infection) 2) mucosal ( degradation of antigens)
- Efficacy and safety 1) right type of immunity 2) stable on storage 3) sufficient immunogenecity 4) SAFETY
- synthetic Immunostimulants 1) cytokines 2) PAMPs 3) Mineral oil (binds to TLR) 4) Aluminium
- Difficult vaccinations 1) protozoal and worm infections ( no effective immunity) 2) HIV (heavily mutated) 3) Malaria (too many forms, unknown immune response)
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