Geschichte (Subject) / Geschi (Lesson)

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• Germany accedence League of Nations 1926, result of Stresemann's policy of rapprochement and Locarno Pact
• Locarno Pact October 1925 The principal treaty concluded at Locarno was the "Rhineland Pact" between Germany, France, Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Italy. The first three signatories undertook not to attack each other, with the latter two acting as guarantors. In the event of aggression by any of the first three states against another, all other parties were to assist the country under attack. Germany also agreed to sign arbitration conventions with France and Belgium and arbitration treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, undertaking to refer disputes to an arbitration tribunal or to the Permanent Court of International Justice. France signed further treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, pledging mutual assistance in the event of conflict with Germany. These essentially reaffirmed existing treaties of alliance concluded by France with Poland on 19 February 1921 and with Czechoslovakia on 25 January 1924 effects: The Locarno Treaties were regarded as the keystone of the improved western European diplomatic climate of 1924-1930, introducing a hope for international peace, typically called the "spirit of Locarno". This spirit was seen in Germany's admission to the League of Nations, the international organization established under the Versailles treaty to promote world peace and co-operation, and in the subsequent withdrawal (completed in June 1930) of Allied troops from Germany's western Rhineland.  
• Dawes Plan 1924: plan backed up by USA to help G. to recover economically and to be able to pay the reparations
• Young Plan 1929: replaced the Dawes Plan & tried to establish better conditionsfor the reperation payment , mostly consisted of large-sclae loans by the US
• Black Friday 25.10.1929 great depression->problem for Weimar republic
• Hitler Putsch 8th/9th November 1923 Hitler along with general Ludendorff try to take over government
• Treaty of Versailles  General Acknowledgement:   G. had to take full responsibility for the outbreak of the first WW (Art. 231) 28th June 1919 Territorial Terms: - G. altogether lost: 13% of its territory & 12% of its population- most important territorial losses:1) Alsace-Lorraine is returned to F.2) Parts of Eastern Germany are given to Poland-> Poznania->Polish Corridor & Danzig is made a free city, Eupen & Malmedy are given to Belgium, Memel area is seized by Lithuania- Territories that voted to remain German (plebiscite): Allenstein, Marienwerder, Southern Schleswig, Saar (1935), Western Upper Silesia- Territories that voted to leave the German nation: Eastern Upper Silesia, Northern Schleswig Economic & Material Terms:- 132 billion Goldmarks had to be pais to the allied nations over 30 years- as a start 20 billion Goldmarks had to be paid in kind: raw materials, industrial goods, engines, etc.- territorial losses caused that G. lost: 48% of its iron ore, 16% of its coal and 15% of its agricultural production  Military Terms:- disarmament:-> demilitarization of the Rhineland (left bank completely & right bank up to 50 km east)-> reduction of army & navy to a minimum(100 000 men in army, no tanks, no war planes, no heavy arms/very limited number of war ships for the navy, no submarine)- no compulsory military service for the male population anymore (no conscription/draft)
• Reichchancellor Stresemann 1) 1919-1923
• Reich chancellor Müller Müller 1928-1930 last democratic Chancellor
• Reich chancellor Brüning Brüning 1930-1932 opponent of especially right wing radical movement
• Franz von Papen von Papen 1932-33
• Reich chancellor Kurt von Schleicher Schleicher- 1933 media czar
• Schlieffenplan devised after the Franco-Russian Alliance 1894 by General Schlieffenprevention of the problem of the two-front wardefeat of the French within 6 weeks (by marching through neutral Belgium), before Russia would be fully mobilizedthen German troops could focus their efforts on defeating Russia, speed essential in the plan
• Krüger telegram Krüger TelegramGerman aim to have GB as a neutral partner, or at least no bonds with France & Russa failed1896 the Kaiser jeopadized GB by sending a telegram to Kruger, the Boer President supportingthe independence of the Transvaal in South AfricaGB offended, as they were trying to defend their position
• Dreikaiserjahr 1888
• First Morrocan crisis 1905 French aim to extent influence in Morroco, Kaiser also demand of settlementGB support of France at 1906 conference of Algeciras
• Daily Telegraph Affair 1908 conversation between Kaiser & friend in interview style to improve Anglo-German relations
• Weltpolitik active colonial expansion after 1897, creation of a strong navypopularity b/c of economic opportunities of an overseas empire &nationalist ambitions for Germany to become a more powerful state on the world stage
• Second Morrocan crisis 1911 French troops to M. at Sultan's request, G. regards this as a F. take-over,reason for G. to send the gunboat "Panther" to M.demonstration G. strength, GB fleet put on alert, G. could not as intended trade M. againstland in French Congo, GB & F. bonds stronger
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria is assasinated in Sarajevo 28th June 1914
• Germany gives a Austria "carte blanche" July 6 1914
• Austria sends an ultimatum to Belgrade (Serbia): a) that Serbia was to ban all societies organizing anti-Austrian propaganda b) that S. was to dismiss all officials to whom Austria objected c) that Austria police & officials were to enter S. to m July 23, 1914
• R. promises to help S., S. accepts a) & b) of the Austrian ultimatum, but refusesto accept c) for reasons of her sovereignty, Austria mobilizes part of her troops July 25, 1914
• Austria declares war on Serbia July 28, 1914
• End of the First WW 11.11.1918
• R. mobilizes part of her troops (against A-H), in an ultimatum to Belgium, G. demands the right for her troops to march through B. territory in case of war against F. July 29, 1914
• in 2 ultimata G. demands that a) R. demobilizes & b) F. declare her neutrality in case of war between G. & R. July 30, 1914
• a) R. does not answer the G. ultimatum & b) F. mobilizes her forces, G. declares war on R. August 1, 1914
• GB molbilizes August 2, 1914
• Germany declares war on F. and invades B. August 3, 1914
• GB declares war on G. b/c she has violated Belgium neutrality August 4, 1914
• Bismarck's resignation, Caprivi becomes Chancellor 1890
• Hohenlohe becomes Chancellor, Dual Alliance between France & Russia 1894
• Bülow appointed Foreign Minister, policy of Weltpolitik begins 1897
• Entente Cordiale between France & Britain 1904
• Entente Cordiale extended to include Russia (Triple Entente) 1907
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, Germany offers Austria the "Blank Cheque", July Crisis, declaration of war 1914
• Reasons for blaming Germany for the outbreak of the First WW Prewar actions of Germany, Germany's fault that war broke out? PRO- general development- Reinsurance Treaty not renewed by Germany(1890)- weak Triple Alliance- introduction of "Weltpolitik" in 1897: navy, colonies, German hegemony as military & economic aim- strange decisions by Willhelm II- arms race with GB & Daily Telegraph Affair, last hopes for a German-British alliance are lost PRO- July Crisis 1914- carte blanche/ Blank Cheque/Blankoscheck for Austrian action against Serbia-> confrontation with Russia- ultimatum to Belgium demanding the right of trespassing for the G. troops- 2 more ultimata: demands a) Russian demobilization b) F. neutrality- "mobilization without an actual attack"- G. march through B.- G. declaration of war on Russia
• Germany was not to be blamed for the outbreak of WW 1 CON- general development - long stiring conflict in the Balkans -> main protagonists A-H vs. R.- 1904 creation of the Entente cordiale (F., GB & R.)- General spirit in Europe of an epoch of peace ending- even great parts of the intellectual eliteswere fescinated by the idea of a great war ending an old age and creating a new age- "Balkan "Bahn"(- fear of a two-front war preventing extreme aggression) CON-July Crisis 1914- assassination of Franz Ferdinand as a trigger- other nations mobilize, too or even before G. (Russia)- A-H foreign minister & ghenerals abuse the G. blank cheque in spite of warnings- GB declares war on G. in spite of G. approaches for a GB-G compromise "just" b/c of the G. violations of B. neutrality
• Crisis in the Balkans Crisis in the Balkans1908/09 demonstration where loyalties lie, Germany-Austria, forcingRussia (still weak from Japanese war) to back down in 1909
• Wartburg festival 1817 October >500 students from Jena attended festival,celebration of the Battle of Leipzig (October 1813) & Reformation (October 1517)criticism of old system, burned symbols of repression & censorshipcreation of awareness on Burschenschaften for Metternich
• Hambach Festival 1832 May- 30 000 liberals & radicals festival at Hambach Castle (Palatine)demand of national unification, republican government in Germanyflags carried as symbols of national states, e.g. Germany, black, red, gold
• Carlsbad Decrees March 1819   Principle ideas:-no teachers who represent ideas which are ageinst existing governmental institutions are allowed to teach-groups which are directed against the German Conferderation &the independent states are forbidden (e.g. Burschenschaften)-important papers could not be published without the approval of the state officials-revolutionary plots and demagogical associations are to be extensively investigated whenthey are against the constitution, the union, or the individual states-"Demagogenverfolgung", "Zensur aler Druckerzeugnisse", Verbot der Burschenschaften
• Pope proclaims "papal infallibility" 1870
• national flag decided on 1882 1935 flag of the German Reich
• Triple Alliance- Italy, Austria- Hungary & Germany 1882
• Reinsurance Treaty- Russia & Germany 1887 (not renewed in 1890)
• Bismarck's alliance system:aims - B.'s alliances should prevent a two-front war for Germany- B. feared the French wish for revenge for the defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (Alsace-Lorraine)-> :. B. tried to isolate France in Europe-> B. wanted to prevent war on the whole, not because he was a pacifist (1864, 66, 70/71)but because he knew that Germany could not yet lead a major conflict-> up to the mid 1880ies B. was also a strong opponent to a German strive for colonies- "Germany is saturated"-> G. has enough territory-> B. wanted to stabilze his European Alliance system and not to endanger it witha German attempt to acquire colonies-> acquiring territories could have led to an end to the isolation of France
• Democratic aspects of constitution 1871 Democratic Aspects:- universal male suffrage in Reich Constitution- Reichstag has a limited say in questions of the budget- Reichsrat has a say in questions of war and peace- Reichsrat can block constitutional changes with a minimal number of 14 out of 58 votes- Reichstag elections: anyone over 25 can be elected as a representative
• Undemocratic aspects of the constitution of 1871 Undemocratic Aspects:- Emperor as supreme ruler (not elected, hereditary office)- Emperor & Reich Chancellor are not elected or controlled by the Reichstag (Parliament)- the Reich Chancellor (appointed by the Emperor) convenes and dismisses the Reichstag- the Prussian state parliament (Prussian diet) is elected by a 3-class-voting systemaccording to the citizens' wealth- there is no salary for members of Reichstag ->no poor people can afford this- Emperor controls foreign policy & can appoint & dismiss ministers & the Reich Chancellor- Emperor is the supreme commander of the army -> army is not controlled by the Reichstag- Reichstag can not propose laws (initiative) but can veto laws & has to pass them

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