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Englisch (Subject) / British Art & Identity (Lesson)

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• How was the land shared, kept and used unter the Normans? Feudalism
• what is the difference between a barrel and a groin vault? Barrel = half cylinder; groin vault = 2 barrels in a right angle (intersection)
• What dida medieval farm consist of and what did it produce? Brew house, a barn, granary, great hall
• What was the most popular material in the Middle Ages? Oak, timber
• What did the medieval town street look like? Fecals were thrown out of the window, rotten food, stench, builidngs close next to each other
• What did using brick allow the builder in comparison with using the stone? Decorative purposes, very expensive --> to impress arriving guests
• Where is the largest fan vault in the world and why is it so special? Cambridge Kings College Chapel --> highest and extremely thin
• How did one rise to power under the reign of Henry VIII, i.e. the so-called revolution of the 16th ct.? Buying land and buildings, which were cheap to come by.
• Why can we say that Elizabeth I changed the look of British architecture since she did not build anything? She visited her subjects. They impressed her by building the greatest houses in the world
• How did chimneys relate to one's status? Proclaimed wealth and status; more chimney --> more fires --> more rroms (added even false chimneys)
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• What is meant by a weekly house bill? Expense of a family per week
• How was the Ellizabethan society stratified overall? Royals, farmers, vagrants (3 Quarters of inhabitants were poor)
• What were the alms houses? Pensions for soldiers, old soldiers could live there in peace --> still the same purpose
• How would ou describe the position of Roman Catholics under Elizabeth I? Very dangerous, priests were punished by death all catholics were enemies to the queen
• What change in building material marked the beginning of the 17th c.? Stone to brick
• What was the main element of interior decoration in the 16th and 17th c.? Pluster ceilings (decorations on ceilings)
• What was restored in the period of Restauration? Puritan views were imposed - austere lifestyle vs Jacobean excesses; holidays suppressed; theatre & gambling banned; 
• Why was the Great Fire of London so difficult to extinguish and how was it extinguished eventually. What were its architectonic consequences? jettied floor caught fire lots of little businesses with open fire (bakeries, blacksmiths) 3 days of fire Firefighters tried to explode houses to stop a chain of fires but there was too much wind from the Thamse to creat explosions Inhabitants were caught on the streets and firefighters couldnt move through After the wind died down, firefighters used explosives to bring houses down and stop chain reactions
• Describe the greek columns and their main use British architecture 3 parts: capital, shaft, base Doric, ionic & corinthian columns
• How would you characterise the Restauration house style? Structure: double piled, hipped roofs, gables, brick Exterior style: dutch style, flamboyant, Baroque, red-brick vs. white cornice, highlighted quoins, dormers, cupolas, Baroque style features interior style: naturalistic wood carvings, enfilade (2 rooms connected by door to make it appear bigger)
• How would you characterise the Georgian house style? Structure: symmetrical front, double pile, facades (fire risk + classical proportions) Exterior style: more subdued & refinded, form of temple, columns, porticoes, fanlights, sash windows interior style: piano nobile - drawing and dining rooms, mouldings in white & gold, hob grates Columns = Georgian
• What did the 18th century mean for Britain? Which adjectives would you choose to characterise that age? Sophisticated, Flourishing,revolutionary, self-confident. Discovery of a new sense of pride: new machines, new houses, etc.
• What was the role of the temple in shaping the landscape? High and narrow doorways, columns, britons were painted like greeg gods and godesses; world oculd be ordered, improved and measured --> Palac of Blenheim
• What was the dream of the Georgian landowners? Creating a version of what they saw abroad: Ancient Rome, Gods and Godesses; they wanted to perfect the nature
• How did the city of Bath change in the 18th c. and what nickname was it assigned? 18th Century:. small, oldfashioned, rural; water in open sewers --> spa water --> swimming and drinking;  1728: orderly and refined: Valley of pleasure: Coustumiers and Coffeuirs; elegant; pavements, housing in style
• Explain the British architectionic invention of the 18th c. and its relevance for the British identity. What was its effect on the look of the street/square and what other period of European history does ist resemble? Terrace house: rows of houses all in line: regularity, structure and order, modelled on Ancient Rome:  The Circus in Bath (rounded terraces) compared to Colloseum of Rome; Bath's Royal Crescent
• Describe the taxi of that time The sedan chair was carried by 2 people; one seat with a roof; number plates, taxi ranks, traffic jams;
• What was the new transportation system and what were its benefits? The canals: connected bigger cities; faster travel; first time possible to transport raw materials by having a horse drag a boat
• Explain the greatest technological leap forward of the Georgian age. Georgian Revoultion: Steam power used for pumping water into the canal, so that boats could ploat up the canal locks and go over hills
• What is Bristol infamous for? Making money, busy trading port 3.000 boats registered: slaves
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• Why were there two different pulpits in Wesley's methodist church? What was one of the major topics he passionately preached about and fought for? Anti-Slavery. Brisol was a city for slaverers and plantation owners 2 pulpits to reduce the window tax 
• What were the Crowns and where can you find them? Botallack at the northern coast: engine houses, which contained steam engines to pump out the water which flooded the tin and copper mines inside of the cliffs
• What were the dangers for miners at work? Narrowness, little light, little air, sea water would seep through and bring minerals which burned the skin, rocks falling --> sudden death
• How did the interior design change? What was the main element? Drawing rooms, salons, palster ceilings, vast carpet mirroring the ceiling
• Who was Robert Adam? Best designer of its time, decorated the Parkers family house
• What was build in 1730s to change the face of Britain and the way people could start experiencing it? How was the system operated? road building; money was collected from travellers for maintaining and expanding new roads. Toll houses here and there for fees
• What are the attributes of the North and what role did it play in the 19th C.? Progress, engines were invented, first passenger lines were installed
• What does railway mania mean? Steam engines, newly invented transport
• Where did the richh in English cites look for inspiration when designing their city plans and buildings? Medieval italian city. Imitation of the rich; Manchester was called Florence of the North
• What is special about James Watts Warehouse in Manchester? Describe. Every floor is in different syles; mixed styles
• What was the Victorian dilemma in architecture? they wanted to integrate technology but also wanted to go back to Greek and Rome architecture
• What was the difference between a public and a commercial cemetery? commercial cemetary:  public boom extravagant didnt belong to the church people could decorate the graves as they wished Saltaire
• How did the perception of a typical Londoner change between the Wars? Was overcrowded (5 mio people), disease, metropolitan line stretched out the city to the countryside
• What was Metroland and how did it come by? Metropolitan line bought land between 1910 and 1933; 4 million homes were built throughout the country; promoted as Metroland
• What does Tudorbethan mean? Fake half-timbering, old-fashioned gables, modern bay windows. Mixed houses in metroland; created the feeling of being an english Gentleman in their own countryhouse: free; family; peaceful;
• How would you describe the buildings and the social role of the cinema in post-war Britain? What is their role now? Everywhere wer cinemas; night out, lavish interior; claimed to be the greatest ever; a chance to escape from reality; marple pillars; mirrors; collonades; lower-encrusted ceilings; palace --> it was the biggest treat of the week; mind-blowing; only chance to see the outside world; huge windows; wooden screen; ornaments; paintings Nowadays: bingo halls; only reminder of old cinema days: organ!
• What was the purpose of sound mirrors? Looking like a big ear; collect and reflect enemies' plane sounds for alarm purposes
• What does the term Big Bang refer to in London's architecture? Describe. London transformed: more money --> new buidings, skyscrapers, modern architecture, business sectors, etc.
• Which place in London is the epitome of the city's cosmopolitan nature? The Gurkin
• How did the city of Manchester become Cottonopolis? Cotton, cloth industry, cloth mills

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