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1Englisch (Subject) / discovery narratives (Lesson)

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• John Cabot --> when and what? he was sent by the English king Henry VII on an explonatory journey into the Far North of America. He tried to reach ASIA, but landed in Newfoundland, Labrador and New England and mistook them for China 
• Jacques Cartier He explored Newfoundland in 1534 and gave Montreal its name (traveled the St. Lawrence River). 
• Samuel de Champlain He followed Cartier's footsteeps. In 1608 he founded the city of Quebec as the capital of the colony of New France and discovered, among others, Lake Huron and Lake Champlain in Vermont. 
• What did Samuel de Champlain's expeditions document in a unique way? the life and customs of a number of Native tribes in North America. 
• Champlain did what? Next to founding the city of Quebec as the capital of the colony of New France (and discovering Lake Huron and Lake Champlain in Vermont): he was involved with Huron tribe, which led to conflicts between the Huron and the Iroquois. 
• What are some of the most significant documents of North American conditions before or at the beginning of European colonial endeavors? endeavors=Bemühungen  the countless publications of Samuel de Champlain's experiences and observation. His reports not only give information about today's Canada but also draw a detailed picture of the Native tribs in the northern coastal regions of today's U.S before the advent of English colonists. 
• Champlain's reports do what? They highlight a fundamental difference in colonial politics between England and France: France was mostly interested in the fur trade (in its ealry phase of overseas activities) whereas Engalnd tried to promote permanend settlements on an agricultural basis (like Virginia) --> this shows two different ways of dealing with the Natives 
• What did France trade wit the Natives? What did England do with the Natives? France: fur trade --> it was a cooperation with the Natives as economical partners  England: entered into conflict with the Natives over settlement areas --> wanted permanent settlements 
• What did England do under Henry VII? England participated in the first wave of explorations of the New World, but it did not resume (fortsetzen) its American pursuits until the second half of the sixteenth century (until Qeen Elizabeth I continued) 
• Martin Frobisher Between 1567 and 1578 Frobisher (English seafarer) undertook several journeys into the northern parts of America (Queen Elizabeth I: search for northwest passage continued) 
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• John White companion of Martin Frobisher  John White: realistic watercolor paintings include the first pictures of the Inuit  Many of White's drawings of Native Americans functioned as models for book illustrations by the famous engraver Theodor de Bry --> shaping the perception (Vorstellung, Wahrnehmung) of North American Natives for centuries to come. 
• Vikings ---> when and what 1. ) during 8th and 9th century, the Vikings had an impact on Europe; they graded large parts of the European continent: central Europe, Scandinavia, England and Russia.  2.) used their ships to sail into the Mediterranean and used river systems to invaed the main land --> they were similar to terrorist attacks today and were a threat! 
• Battle of Maldon was in 991: good record what happened: a Viking ship landed on a little island on the coast of Engalnd and they wanted to attack the main land, but there were floodings (Hochwasser) and so they asked the British to let them swim and then fight them. The British didn't shoot at the Vikings while they swam and then the battle began. The English lost and the Vikings killed men and raped women and burned their village. --> it was such a disaster that it was recorded in texts.
• consequences of the Battle of Maldon? (what was published?) it was such a disaster that it was recorded in texts: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
• Most important text of the Old English Period was..... ? Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:  year by year recording of events (Annalen). Epic poem of the Battle of Maldon, a long poem (1 of 2 long poems of the Old English Period), heroic poem based on a real event, it is highly critical of what the leader did. It is very citical of heorism 
• Old English Period ended? Battle of Hastings 1066 
• Erik the Red he had to leave because he killed somebody (maybe) and settled in Iceland, he made some journeys to explore the northern countries  His son was Leif Erikson (970) who was the first European who set foot on the American Continent --> Saga of Eric the Red: says that Leif Erikson was in Canada --> there are no traces (Spuren) so there's little evidence 
• Leif Erikson 970 (son of Erik the Red): maybe the first who set foot on the American Continent - even before Columbus - but there is no evidence that the Vikings really discovered the continent first because they never left a relevant trace
• Age of Christopher Columbus = called ..... ? Early modern period 
• Map center of the Early modern period is ..... ? Jerusalem. European thought that there are in paradise places on earth. like Garden of Mesopotamia in the very East. Like Alexander the Great: reached India and in medieval (mittelalterlich) times it was said he reached the gates of paradise. 
• Sources of the Early modern period of the far East: famous travel? (Who, when, what did XY do?) Famous travel: Marco Polo (13th, 14th century) travels to Khan, and he writes a book about what is going on in ASia, he relies on some of these notions that are attacehd to the East (e.g. Cannibals) 
• Columbus and a map? he owned a copy and tried to figure out what Asia looks like, he already knew what he was going to find before he reached Asia. (read everything in Marco Polo and Mandeville's works) 
• John Mandeville: his travels very important text, but fictive. He invented everything and just wrote down the things that people thought about Asia (e.g. people who look very strange) 
• Mandeville's work had a great influence on .... (XY whom)? Columbus 
• John Mandeville describes a travel to.... and what does his descriptions show? to the far east which clearly shows that Mandeville was never in the far east (depictured strange races of people). 
• atlantic was a source for many ..... marvelous stories rooting back to the ancient (antik) mythological tales of Atlantis the sunken city. 
• When wrote Ovid his work? (+name) AD 7: Metamorphoses land of milk and honey: Golden Age as a nourishing mother (alma mother) paradise is the New World  after Columbus's journey (15th century) 
• Letter of Columbus describes what? (+when?) Columbus describes the new continent as a perfect place where it's always spring and harvests, utopian place, smilar to Ovid descriptions. (propaganda)  1493: widely spread via print media. he said that things were there that weren't even there: like nightingale (nachtigall) to make it sound idyllic. 
• What was the Golden Age like? first human period when nature produced everything man needed. 
• vespucci most important explorer besides Columbus name use for America (woman of America)  he realized that it is a spearate continent. his picture: a paradise with cruel people living there, America (the mother) provides like a mother for her children. (by Theodor Galle) 
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• the word cannibal comes from whom? Christopher Columbus: local people called themselves Canibea-Carribeans: he immediately thinks of Cannibals with dogs faces. 
• Hans Staden (when, what)? He went to Brazil and wrote books about the cruel people there
• Theodor de Bry (what)? His pictures are responsible for the European picture of Americans, native Americans looked like Greekt statues  He lived: 1528 - 1598
• Europe: what was the goal for people in Europe? to go to paradise in America (in America: Paradise and Cannibalism) 
• de Vaca 8 years: 1528-1536: shipwreck in Florida: from Mississippi River to Mexico City (Gulf of Mexico) --> US to Mexico City reached finally after 8 years the Spanish settlement in Mexico City: only 3 survivors  became friends with the Natives (became famous in Brazil)  1542: published unter the title La Relación: earliest accounts of southern territories of the United States. 
• La Relación earliest accounts (Berichte) of the southern territories of the United States (account what had happened before the Europeans came)  published in 1542  published by de Vaca's report about his journey from the US (Mississippi) to Mexico City. 
• Film version of the discoveries? 1492: Conquest of Paradise (1992, Ridley Scott)  Apocalypto (2006, Mel Gibson) 
• Differences between the film version of perspectives of the discovery: Conquest of Paradise and Apocalypto? in conquest of paradise it's the European perspective, in Apocalypto it's the native perspectives, the weathers changes: very depressing 
• Hernando de Soto (when, what)? explored the areas of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico (like de Vaca did)  four-year trip (1539-1542): expedition with over six hundred soldiers driven by the futile search for gold and treasures   characterized by killing the Natives, was famous for the brutal interaction with the Natives! 
• Francisco Vásques de Coronado? he started in 1539 with an army of 350 soldiers, several hundred Natives and a numberf of slaves.  search for the seven legendary golden cities of Cibola from Mexico to Arizon, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas to Kansas. were the first Europeans that saw the Grand Canyon came into contact with tribes of Hopi and Zuni his search for the treasures of the golden cities was not successfu  
• Who wrote about the native population (Hopi and Zuni)? de Coronado (1539 sett out for an journey)  lived: 1510-1554 --> 1st half of the 16th century 
• Giovanni da Verrazano 1524: searched for a northwestern passage to Asias and came accidentally to the east coast of North America (South Carolina today up to New York Bay)  thought he found the passage to the Pacific (from the Atlantic to the Pacific) --> was his goal!  this misconception influenced cartography for a whole century, thinking that American was a slim continent with a connection between the Atlantic and the Pacific. 
• Jaques Cartier 1534: explored Newfoundland (St. Lawrence river)  gave Montreal its name
• Who gave Montreal its name? Cartier (1534) 
• Samuel de Champlain? followed Cartier's footsteps 1608: founded the city of Quebec as the capital of the colony of New France and discovered, among others, Lake Huron and Lake Champlain in Vermont  his texts: most significant about in North America about lifestyles of Natives tribes cooperation with the Natives led to conflicts between the Huron and the Iroquois.
• Champlain's close cooperation with the Natives (about their lifestyles) led to conflicts between which tribes? Huron and the Iroquois. 
• John Cabot 1497: Henry VII (English king) sent the Italien Cabot on a journey into the Far North of America. (important: the English sent him!)  only few years after Columbus's travels  Cabot tried to reach Asia  mistook Newfoundland (+New England) for China (like Columbus) 
• Who sent Frobisher on journeys? Queen Elizabeth I (1576-78) 
• the oldest known visual representation of American Indians is .... ? a woodcut from the early sixteenth century which shows the bipolar dimension: cannibalism and paradise (of Native Americans 1505) 
• Theodor Galle engraving (Gravur) of Galle: shows the discoverer Vespucci next to a woman called America with an paradise-like fantasy. In the background are cannibals! 

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