10

Kreyer (Subject) / Session 7 (Lesson)

Of protests breaking out and demonstrations sweeping over the country – metaphors in news discourse

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  • What are the metaphors' characteristics? Metaphors have three characteristics linguistic: referring to something abstract using word/phrase that is concerete cognitive: metaphor is caused by shift in conceptual system; a linguistic expression is used in a different, unexpected context -  e.g. referring to a revolution in terms of a season pragmatic: metaphor has the underlying purpose of influencing opinions and judgments by persuasion.  due to shift in conceptual system, it distracts people about actual topic being discussed shifts addressee’s attention away from literal meaning metaphors have illocutionary force
  • Metaphors in news discourse and the Arab Spring News Discourse----- Reflects ideological aspects---------- News discourse is not a neutral representation of reality
  • Critical Discourse Analysis - what is it? Critical Discourse Analysis Studies the way language is used to create or maintain social inequality (relation between language and social actions in diverse domains, including immigration, gender, war, crime,..)                 Through the legitimization/delegitimization of certain actions                Through inclusion/exclusion Assumed the role of language is underestimated in the context of power relations and dominations of some people by others                 CDA aims at correcting this view
  • Claims Cognitive Lingustics makes about metaphors that are significant for CDA ( Critical Discourse Analysis) metaphor is conceptualization rather than colorationmetaphors are dynamic and productive/ give rise to inferencesmetaphor is not restricted to literary texts but is ubiquitousmetaphor is not arbitrary but systematic (reasons certain concepts get mapped the way they do)metaphor involve construal (intentional)metaphors go unnoticed in discourse                                                                               metaphors display highlighting and hiding effects (certain aspects get pushed into the       foreground) ARAB SPRING AND NOT WINTER
  • Metaphor and ideology? ultimately LEAD TO THE CONCLUSION THAT METAPHORS ENCODE NATURALIZED IDEOLOGYWe use specific metaphors intentionally to get people to think a certain way
  • Cognitive Linguistics' claims towards metaphors language is an integral part of cognitive processesmeaning is subject to construallanguage is never fully arbitrary/always serves a functionlanguage represents a person’s perspective
  • What two chief theories does Cognitive Linguistics provide? (for metaphors) Conceptual Metaphor TheoryConceptual Blending Theory
  • Describe the Coneptual Metaphor Theory claims our thoughts are metaphorical in nature           therefore, we speak in terms of metaphors b/c we think in terms of metaphorsmetaphor is pervasive in everyday lifeif our conceptual systems is metaphorical in nature -> important implications on thought and action The content of a source domain is mapped onto the abstract structure of a target domain, rendering the latter more tangible. TIME is abstract, money is tangible. So we speak of time in terms of money. --> "conceptual metaphor in everyday language" Example: "time is money"Time is an abstract conceptMoney is concreteThe flat tire cost me an hourYou're waisting my timeThis gadget will save you hoursI don't have the time to give youHow do you spend your timeis that worth your time?He's living on borrowed time "Argument is war"I won the argumentyour claims are indefensiblehe attacked every weak point in my argumenthis criticisms were right on targetI demolished his argumentI've never won an argument with himyou disagree? Okay, shoot!If you use that strategy, he'll wipe you outHe shot down all my arguements
  • Explain Conceptual Blending Theory Main claim: blending is the origin of ideas and human creativity "Conceptual blending is a fundamental instrument of the every day mind, used in our basic construal of all our realities, from the social to the scientific." -- Mark Turner, The Literary Mind Not just two domain mapping, rather a network or lattice Example: "Protesters flooded the streets"
  • Compare CBT and CMT both treat metaphors as conceptual phenomenon and both involve systematic projection of language mapping vs. integration         CBT information is not just mapped; new meaning is generated blend develops an emergent structure that is not in the input; first theory cannot account for this aspect of motivation:          CMT: experimental basis/ embodiment          CBT: communication goals aspect of relation:           CMT: conceputal mapping -> linguistic structure           CBT: metaphor originates in discourse and then may become embedded at the conceptual level
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