English (Subject) / Introduction to Linguistics (Lesson)

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• signified visualisation of object. e.g Picture of car
• signifier written word for the visualised object. e.g. car for the picture of a car
• Connotation Network of words connected to a specific term e.g. spring association: sun, flowers, blossom, bees etc.
• denotation relationship between linguistic expression and concrete language external entities to which it refers.  a word that names or signifies something specific: "wind" is the denotation for air in natural motion; "poodle" is the denotation for a certain breed of dog.
• sense-reference  language in context of the external reality sense= dealing with the relationships inside languages reference= dealing with the relationshipt of I and the world
• synonym two words with the same meaning
• antonym two words with opposites meaning e.g come----go; fast---slow
• complementary pairs of antonyms either or relationship not x=y
• gradable pairs of antonyms opposite poles of a continuum more of X is less of Y
• relational opposites antonyms share the same semantic features, only the focus of direction is reversed.:  e.g.tie/untie; buy/ sell; give;receive; teacher/ pupil ; hather/son (describe the same situation from opposite perspectives )
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• directional opposites describe opposite directions of a movement e.g leave/arrive; come/ go; depature/ arrival
• homophony two words with the same sound, but different meaning. e.g. meet/meat; peace/piece; wether
• Homograph same spelling
• polysemy a given lexeme with multiple related meanings (senses) e.g. buy, wind stream of air, or wind verb meaning what is done to a watch or clock
• Hypernym Oberbegriff e.g. tree
• Hyponym e.g. oak (as a special type of tree)
• Meronym A word that denotes a constituent part or a member of something. e.g. a trees bark; apple is a meronym of apple tree; tire is a part of a car 
• Presupposition Assumption of a fact.  e.g. He managed to drive the car, thus we now that he is able to do it; has a license etc.
• phonetics speech sounds in general
• phonology sound systems of language
• morphology words and their components; anatomy of words
• syntax analyses the structure of phrases and sentences
• semantics analyses words and sentences in meaning
• pragmatics The study of meaning in context
• Sociolinguistics The study of relationship between language and society
• (Pragmatics) representatives to make statements about the world
• directives request or commands to get other to perform certain actions  e.g. to do us a favour, or to answer our questions
• comissives promises or threats to inform others about our future actions
• expressives greetings, thanks and congratulations to express our feelings
• declarations for actions that are performed by pronouncing the appropriate formula, e.g marrying a couple or baptising somebody
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• Name the four types of Sentence? declarative (Aussagesatz/ Feststellung endet mit .)interrogative (Fragesätze)imperative (Befehlsätze, enden mit !)exclamative (Ausrufsatz enden mit !)
• What are the direct speech Acts for all four sentence types? Declarative(Aussage)---- representative interrogative---- question imperative (Befehl)--- directive exclamative (Ausruf)--- expressive
• felicity conditions If the Adressee is able to fullfill the request
• infelicitous If the Adressee won't be able to fullfill the request
• plosives consonants [p]  [b]  [t] [ d]  [k]  [g]
• nasal [m]  [n]  [η]
• fricative [f]  [v]  [∫]=ship  [θ] thick [ð] these  [ʒ] genre [s]  [z]  [h]
• approximant [ɹ]=right  [j]
• lateral approximant [l]
• semi vowels - glides [j]  [w]
• bilabial, labiodental,dental, alveolar, postalveolar, retroflex,palatal, Velar, uvular, pharyngeal, glottal Place of articulation
• plosive, nasal, trill, tap or flap, fricative, approximate, lateral approximate Manner of Articulation
• Design features Cultural transmission Displacement (ability imagery things, ability to talk about the past) Productivity (ability to create new words) Discretness (Duality of patterning) Arbitrainess Mode of communication Interchangeability Semanticity (Study of meaning) Pragmaticity (We always do have a purpose when saying something) 
• Allophones every speech sound we produce
• Phones Physical segment of sound in speech non-contrastive smallest perceptible unit of speech sound (what we say) 
• Phoneme Abstract mental representations of speech sound in speech (in mind)

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