Semantic Theories (Subject) / Schemes, Frames and Scripts (Lesson)
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- Schemes, frames and scripts are different terms used by different authors to name similar concepts all relate to the representation of knowledge and are similar to the concept of prototype
- Scheme.. -most general term, Bartlett: all incoming impulses of a certain kind or mode go together to build up an active, organized setting (visual, auditory and other impulses) all have to be regarded as constituents of living momentary settings belonging to the organism Rumelhart: schemes are the building blocks of knowledge or the data structure of generic concepts which are stored in the mind and underlie objects, situations, events, sequences of events.. schemes of objects equal prototypes in that they are mental representations e.g. of birds, chairs.. schemes are essentially involved in perception and comprehension processes - > its not just the words of the text that provide the interpretation, but the words activate mentally stored schemas which supplement the meaning of the words and which in many cases are absolutely necessary for understanding a text. each theory consists of schemes, Experience establishes an immense repertoire of schemes -> essential part of our memory and the facilitate learning
- Frame.. and a script? used by Minsky: a data structure to represent stereotypes of situations such as, e.g., the interior of a kitchen, or someone sitting in a living room listening to music. in constrast, a script consists of various scenes and frames. eg. for script: go to a birthday party. scenes and frames are stored in our minds that represent stereotypical procedures: buy a present, wrap it up nicely....
- In what way do schemes, frames and scripts play a role for semantics? they are important for lexical semantics (they can be successfully used to describe word meanings) Fillmore: notion of scene is not only useful but necessary for a semantic theory. scenes and frames are associated with linguistic terms and in addition to being cognitively linked with each other they are likewise linked with other scenes and frames in such way that they characterize the perceived and imagined world and the whole framework of linguistic categories for telling about imaginable worlds
- On the basis of language alone it is hard to understand what the words in a text refer to claim of cognitive semanticists? necessary to have seen scenes to which the words used refer in order to reconstruct the meaning that is intended by a writer or speaker. the claim of cognitive semanticists: linguistic meaning is associated with knowledge stored in our minds and that this knowledge is represented by prototypes, frames, scenes and scripts!