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Grammatik (Subject) / #1 (Lesson)
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- Simple Present Bildung: Infinitiv // 3. Person Singular + -s Use: habitual actions; quoting from books; newspaper headlines; conditional sentence I; definite facts; regular actions signal words: always; often; sometimes; usually; every week; every year; on mondays; twice a year; normally
- Simple Present Continuous Bildung: to be (am, is, are) + present participle Use: actions happening right now; actions happening around the time of speaking Not used verbs: verbs of sense, feelins, mental activity and possessions Signal Words: now; at the moment; just today; right now; presently
- Present Perfect Bildung: have/has + past participle Use: recently completed actions (just); actions starting in the past and continuing to the moment of speaking or actions that have an effect to the present; imcomplete period of time Signal Words: just; yet; not ... yet; this morning; this afternoon; for 4 days; since; ever; never; already; so far; up to now; up till now; for days; suddenly
- Present Perfect Continuous Bildung: have/has + been + present participle Use: focus on the action that began in the past and is lasting to the moment of speaking or has an effect to the present; actions that just finished Signal Words: recently; all day; lately; for; since; the whole weak
- Simple Past Bildung: infinitiv + -ed (regular verbs) // 2. Form irregular verbs // negative: did not + infinitiv Use: actions, complete in the past at a definite time; habits in the past; actions that began in the past and ended in the past; conditional sentence II Signal Words: yesterday; last year; last week; in 2002; two days ago; when; the other day
- Simple Past Continuous Bildung: was/were + present participle Use: actions in the past whos exact limits are not known; without time expressions; indirect speech; interrupted actions in the past; parallel actions in the past; focus on the action Signal Words: while; as long as; when; all the time
- Past Perfect Bildung: had + past participle Use: actions that began before a point in the past and lasted to this point or had an effect to this point; actions that began before a point in the past and stopped shortly before that moment/moment of speaking Signal Words: when; as soon as; the moment; after; immediately; until that day; once; by; then
- Past Perfect Continuous Bildung: had been + present participle Use: reported action as a continuous action; focus on the action; action in progress before another action Signal Words: for; since; the whole day; all day
- Going To Future Bildung: going to + infinitiv Use: actions in near future; definitely fixed plans; when signs are given that something will happen; predictions about the weather; when it's seen that something is coming Signal Words: tomorrow; next year; in a week
- Will Future Bildung: will/shall + infinitiv Use: expressing opinions/speculations about the future; future habitual actions we assume will happen; conditional sentence I; not definitely fixed plans; spontaneous plans; promisses Signal Word: tomorrow; next year; in a week
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- Future I Continuous Bildung: will/shall + be + present participle Use: actions that starts before a point at the future and continuous or has an effect on this point; focus on the action
- Future Perfect Bildung: will/shall + have + past participle Use: action will be over at a point in the future Signal Words: by; by then; in a week
- Future Perfect Continuous will/shall + have been + present participle Use: a continuous action will be finished by a point in the future Signal Words: by; by then; in two hours
- Conditional Sentence I if-clause: simple present; main-clause: will future Use: action in the if-clause is quite possible; will happen in the future variations: if + present + may/might if + present + may/can if + present + must/should if + present + another present tense if + present continuous if + present perfect
- Conditional Sentence II if-clause: simple past; main-clause: conditional tense (would + infinitiv) Use: past isn't a true past; the condition is just hypothetical and nearly impossible; total contrary to given facts variations: if + simple past + might/could if + simple past + continuous conditional if + simple past + another past tense if + simple past continuous if + past perfect
- Conditional Sentence III if-clause: past perfect // main-clause: perfect conditional (would + have + past participle) Use: condition in the past cannot be fulfilled because if-clause in the past did not happen variations: if + past perfect + could/might if + past perfect + prest conditional continuous if + past perfect continuous had (instead of if) + past simple
- Conditional Sentence 0/4 if-clause: simple present // main-clause: simple present Use: general truths; situation is real and possible Example: "If you heat ice - it melts"
- Passive Equivalents Simple Present: keep - is kept Present Continuous: is keeping - is being kept Simple Past: kept - was kept Past Continuous: was kept - was being kept Present Perfect: has kept - has been kept Past Perfect: had kept - had been kept Future: will keep - will be kept Conditional: would keep - would be kept Perfect Conditional: would have kept - would have been kept
- Indirect Speech Simple Present -> Simple Past Present Continuous -> Simpe Past Continuous Present Perfect -> Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous -> Past Perfect Continuous Simple Past -> Past Perfect Future -> Conditional Future Continuous -> Conditional Continuous Conditional -> Conditional Remains the same: might ought to/should would used to could
- Adverbs of Time (passive) today -> that day yesterday -> the day before the day before yesterday -> two days before tomorrow -> the next day the day after tomorrow -> in two day's time next week -> the following week last week -> the previous week a year ago -> a year before
- Preposition followed by gerund aboard; about; above; across; after; against; along; amid; among; anit; around; as; at; before; behind; below; beneath; baside/s; between; beyond; by; concerning; considering; despite; down; during; except; excepting; excluding; following; for; from; in; inside; into; like; minus; near; of; off; on; onto; opposite; outside; over; past; per; plus; regarding; round; save; since; than; to; through; toward/s; under; underneath; unlike; until; up; upon; versus; with; within; without
- Verbs followed by Gerund amit; anticipate; appreciate; avoid; consider; defer; delay; deny; fancy; detest; dislike; dread; enjoy; escape; excuse; finish; forgive; involve; keep; imagine; loathe; mean; mind; miss; pardon; pastpone; practise; prevent; propose; suggest; object; recollect; remember; resent; resist; risk; save; stop (stop doing something; not stop in motion); cease; understand; promise; spend; waste