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British Cultural Studies (Subject) / Geography (Lesson)
The Land!!!!
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- Intro - land & climate --> lack of extreme - mountains (not very high) / flat land / no big rivers / not very cold (winter) or very warm (summer) / no active volcanoes
- Climate - same as nort-west part of europe mainland - London gets not more rain than other cities in europe (belief brought in by romans 2000 years ago) - further west = more rain - mild winter = snow only in higher regions - winters = slightly colder in the east - summer = south is warmer and sunnier - can never be sure of a dry day
- Land & Settlement - scenery chanegs fast over short distance - south & east = low lying (flat plains / rolling hills) - north & west = mountainous areas - human influence = extensive (south = enclosure of fields with hedgerows) - forests have disappeared - britain has a greater proportion of grassland than other european countries (except ireland) - most land used for human habitation = privacy and love for the countryside / cities are rather build outwards - most people live in cities (80%)
- The environment and pollution - world's first industrialized country - great increase in motorcars (last quarter of 20th cent) caused an increase in air pollution - reduction of greenhouse gases became a need = national issue - various attempts of green energy = solar power / tidal and wave power / wind power = common feature of britain landscape
- London - largest city in western europe - home to headquarters of all government departments, country parliament, major legal institutions & monarch - country`s buisness and banking centre & centre of transport network - contains headquarters of national tv networks and newspapers - seven times larger than any other city in britain - fifth of the total pop. live in the wider london area - the square mile = original walled city of london / home to the country's main financial organizations - West - End = many theatres, cinemas, expensive shops - East - End = poorer residential area / traditional home of the cockney & waves of immigrant groups - more than 300 lang. are spoken from 70 different countries = 1/3 of ppl. living in lonodn were born outside of britain - both most richest and poorest area in britain - choice for chinese companies - popularity = result of combination of infinite cultural varitey and long history
- Southern England - commuter land = areas surrounding outer suburbs of london - most densly populated area in the UK - county of Kent = known as garden of england / many kinds of fruit&vegetable grown - The Downs = series of hills in a horseshoe / used for sheep farming / south side reaches towards the sea (retired ppl live there) - Employment = trade, provision in service, light manufacturing - The West Country = Bristol (large city) / rural beauty / some industry, but farming is more widespread --> well known for dairy produce and fruit - South-west peninsula = rocky coast & # small bays & wild moorlands (Exmoor & Dartmoor) --> most popular holiday area in britain - East anglia = (north-east of london) rural & only region in britain where there are large parts of flat land (main area for growing of wheat and other arable crops) / part of the region is known as The Fens - Norfolk Broads = no towns / water ways / boating holidays
- The Midlands of England - Birmingham = 2nd largest city - industrial revolution = birmingham & area to its north and west (Black Country) developed into the countrys major engineering centre - factories still convert iron and steel into goods - The Potteries = between Black Country&Manchester - producing china - east coast (Grimsby) = country's major fish processing centre
- Northern England - Pennine mountains run up middle of northern england = large deposits of coal&iron ore --> lead the industrial revolution - west side = 19th cent --> world's leading producer of cotton goods - east side =world's leading producer of wollen goods - south = sheffield --> steel goods - north = newcastle --> shipbuilding - achievements = induced a feeling of civic pride - decline in heavy industry = 2nd half of 20th cent --> for a long time high level of unemployment above the national average - typical industrial landscape and rural landscape interlock = steep slopes around the towns - sparsly populated - favourite destination for ppl enjoying to walk / whole area classified as national park
- Scotland - three fairly marked regions - north of england --> southern uplands = consisting of small towns (apart) - sheep farming - further north = central plain and strip of east coast extending northwards --> more than 80% of pop - highlands = mountains and deep valleys and small islands (west coast) - tourism and production of whisky is important - north sea oil industry helped to keep unemployment down - two major cities = Glasgow (heavy industry&worst housing conditions of britain / strong artistic heritage) & Edingburgh (middle class image & capital & seat of parliament / associated with scholarship, law and administration)
- Wales - most ppl. live in a smal part of it = south-east - coal mine in south wales - no large cities have emerged in the area (Cardiff is the capital --> only part of britain with a high proportion of industrial villages) - most of the rest = mountainous
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- Northern Ireland - largly agricultural - Belfast = manufacture of linen - beauty = Giant's Causeway (north coast) --> rocks look like steeping stones