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Abdomen (Subject) / Abdomen (Lesson)

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• Amyloidosis most commonly affects what part of the GI tract? Small intestine, with valvulae thickening and mucosal granularity.
• Causes of Booerrhaaves syndrome? 7 Stück Endoscopy. Seizures. Coughing. Asthma. Childbirth. Severe straining. Blunt trauma.
• Pancreatic phlegmon (massive enlargement of the pancreas by inflammation tissue) complications? Necrosis. Hemorrhage. Infection.
• CREST? Subcutaneous Calcinosis. Raynauds phenomenon. Esophageal dysfunction. Sclerodactyly. Telangiectasia.
• Crowding of the valvulae by fibrosis (scleroderma) term? Hidebound.
• What age groups are symptomatic in annulary pancreas? 50% present as children. 50% present as adults.
• Annular pancreas complications? Duodenal obstruction. Increased susceptibility to pancreaatitis.
• The substance secreted by this tumor causes an intense desmoplastic response, producing mesentery fibrosis, with tethering and kinging of small bowel? Carcinoid tumor secreting serotonin.
• Insulinoma facts? 90% benign. small less than 2 cm. Most difficult to detect on imaging.
• Gastrinoma facts? Major cause of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. MEN-1 syndrome. 60% Malignant. Ectopic locations outside pancreas. Paraneoplastisches Syndrom: Bauchschmerzen: Ulcera des Magens oder Duodenums, gastroösophagealer Reflux gelegentliches blutiges Erbrechen, Durchfallm, hypokaliämische metabolische Alkalose sehr selten Hyperparathyreoidismus (MEN-unabhängig)
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• Glucagonoma facts? Secrete glucagon (NET, häufig inaktiv). A-Zellen. Produce Diabetes Mellitus. 80% Malignant.
• VIPoma facts? Secrete vasoactive intestinal peptide. WDHA (Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia, Achlorhydria). Variable malignancy.
• Somatostatinoma facts? Rare. Cause diarrhea and Diabetes. Erhöhtes Somatostatin im Blut.
• Nonfunctioning islet cell tumor facts? 3rd most common islet cell tumor. Generally malignant. Larger. Necrotic on imaging studies.
• Causes of ischemic bowel? Low flow states (shock, major surgery, cardiac abnormality). Atherosclerosis (chronic). Embolism (acute). Venous occlusion (mesenteric venous occlusive disease).
• Major inflammatory processes that affect the terminal ileum? Crohns disease. Tuberculosis. Yersiniosis.
• Distinguishing features between Crohns disease and Yersiniosis? Yersiniosis: lacks lumen narrowing, lacks deep ulceration, short, self-limited course, heals without scarring.
• Benign splenic tumors and CT characteristics? Hemangioma and lymphangioma (hypodense to splenic tissue, may calcify). Hamartoma (isodense to splenic tissue).
• Syndrome of generalized angiomatosis? Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome.
• Define pseudopolyp, cobblestoning, and post-inflammatory polyp? Pseudopolyp: island of normal or edematous mucosa surrounded by ulcerated or denuded mocusa. Cobblestoning: normal mucosa surrounded by linear ulceration (Crohns disease). Postinflammatory polyp: regenerating normal mucosa.
• FAPS (Gardners type) effect on the mesentery? Mesenteric fibromatosis.
• When mesenteric fibromatosis occurs in a round shape this is called? Desmoid.
• Causes of portal venous gas? Infarcted bowel. Ulcers. Acute bowel dilation. Endoscopy. Necrotizing enterocolitis.
• Through what does a Zenkers diverticulum protrude? Killians dehisence.
• What are lateral diverticula of the pharyngoesophageal junction termed? Killian-Jamieson diverticula.
• Colon watershed regions? Splenic fleXure (SMA, IMA junction). Rectosigmoid.
• Appearance of the liver with enhancing lobules of hepatocytes and areas of edema that do not enhance? Nutmeg liver (can be seen in patients with passive venous congestion of liver and early stages of Budd-Chiari syndrome).
• 3 types of anal canal malignant neoplasms? Adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma. Cloacogenic carcinoma (women, worse prognosis).
• Storage disease associated with splenomegaly? Gauchers disease. Amyloidosis. Hemochromatosis. Niemann-Pick disease.
• Pancreatic cystic neoplasm associated with von-Hippel Lindau disease? Microcystic adenoma.
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• What liver malignancies may calcify? Fibrolamellar HCC. Hepatoblastoma. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Metastases.
• Nuclear scanning distinction of FNH from fibrolamellar HCC? FNH is hot (has Kupffer cells). Fibrolamellar HCC is cold (No Kupffer cells).
• Pathognomonic finding for cavernous hemangiomas of the colon? Phleboliths.
• What is the most common location of Burkitts lymphoma in North America? Distal ileum.
• Longitudinal dimension of the spleen should not eceed? 12 - 14 cm
• Heterogeneous spleen in early arterial phase? Moire spleen.
• Congenital splenic cysts which contain an epithelial lining? Epidermoid cysts.
• Accessory spleen versus splenosis? Accessory (supernumerary) splenic tissue at hilum not post-traumatic (splenosis).
• Granulomatous disease of the spleen, major finding and common causes? Multiple punctate calcifications. Histoplasmosis. Tuberculosis. Sarcoidosis.
• Fungal infections of the spleen, most common finding? Microabscesses, multiple small low densities.
• Benign splenic neoplasms (2)? Lymphangioma. Hemangioma.
• Malignant splenic neoplasms? 5 Stück Hemangiosarcoma. Angiosarcoma (thorotrast 1950s). Kaposi sarcoma. Lymphoma (AIDS and non-AIDS). Leukemia.
• Normal splenic finding may mimic a splenic laceration? Splenic cleft.
• Splenic artery aneurysm demographics?. Women (medial dysplasia) rupture risk at pregnancy. Men (atherosclerosis).
• Sicke cell diseases eventual effect on spleen? Autosplenectomy, small, densely calcified splenic remnant.
• Longitudinal dimension of the spleen should not exceed? 12 - 14 cm.
• Maximal size of pancreatic duct in adults and elderly? 3 mm and 5 mm.
• Common sites of ectopic pancreatic tissue? walls of stomach, duodenum, and Meckel diverticulum.
• Fatty replacement of the pancreas is common in? diabetes. obesity. elderly. Cystic fibrosis.
• Pancreatitis complications? Necrotizing pancreatitis. Hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Thrombosis (splenic, portal, mesenteric veins). Pseudoaneurysms. Pseudocysts. Ascites. Abscess.

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