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Kinderradiologie (Subject) / Alles (Lesson)
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- Polysplenia syndrome Bilateral left-sidedness: Multiple spleens. Bilateral bilobed lungs. Interrupted inferior vena cava with azygos continuation. Biliary atresia
- Possible Causes of childhood Bilateral Lung Hyperinflation Diffuse peripheral obstruction: Viral bronchitis/bronchiolitis. Asthma. Cystic fibrosis. Immunologic deficiency diseases. Chronic aspiration. Graft versus host disease. Central obstruction: Extrinsic (Vascular anomalies, Mediastinal masses). Intrinsic (Tracheal foreign body, Tracheal neoplasm/granuloma).
- Possible routes of neuroblastoma spread Local: Lymph nodes and extensive nodal masses. Invasion of neuroforamina. Encasement of great vessels. Remote: Bone. Liver. Central nervous system (extradural space and orbit)
- Posterior mediastinum mass (T. E. N) Tuberculosis (Potts disease) or any spinal infection. Extramedullary hematopoiesis (almost always in adults). Neurogenic tumors: Neuroblastoma. Ganglioneuroma. Neurofibroma. Neurenteric cyst.
- Posterior urethral valve findings Most common cause of urethral obstruction in males. Dilated posterior urethra. Bladder wall thickening and trabeculation. VUR.
- Premature infant mechanical ventilation complications Pulmonary interstitial emphysema. Pneumomediastinum. Pneumothorax. Pneumopericardium.
- Presacral childhood masses Sacrococcygeal teratoma. Neuroblastoma. Rhabdomyosarcoma. Sacral chordoma. Anterior sacral meningocele. Neuroenteric cyst.
- Primary megaureter versus refluxing megaureter? Primary megaureter: Contracted ureterovesical junction. Refluxing megaureter: widely patent ureterovesical junction.
- Primary Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is caused by Short. submucosal tunnel of distal ureter at ureterovesical junction. Faulty valve.
- Prune belly (Eagle-Barrett) syndrome Almost exclusively in males. Absent or deficient abdominal musculature. Large, vertically oriented urinary bladder. Severe hydronephrosis and ureterectasis. Cryptorchidism. Urethral dysfunction leading to functional bladder obstruction. Urachal remnants.
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- Pulmonary lymphangiectasia Rare condition. Dilated lymphatics within lung interstitium. Diffuse reticular or reticulonodular lung opacities. May cause chylothorax. May have hyperinflated lungs and pleural effusions.
- Pulmonary sequestration Lung tissue lacking a bronchial connection. Supplied by abnormal artery from descending aorta. Extralobar (covered by own pleura). Intralobar (covered by adjacent lung pleura). Triangular or oval-shaped mass in inferomedial lung. Left side more common. Ma become secondarily infected.
- Radiographic signs of a patent ductus arteriosus in an infant Enlarging heart and liver. Increasing pulmonary vascularity.
- Renal/adrenal cystic masses Hydronephrosis. Renal cysts. Multicystic dysplastic kidney. Adrenal hemorrhage (resolving).
- Rhabdomyosarcoma features 16% arise in genitourinary system. Occur at any pediatric age group. Arise from skeletal muscle mesenchyme. Most common lower urinary tract tumor. Prostate gland in boys. Vagina in girls.
- Rhabdomyosarcoma routes of spread? Local: Direct invasion of adjacent viscera. Retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Remote: Lungs. Bones. Liver.
- Right-sided aortic arch congenital heart disease associations Truncus arteriosus. Tetralogy of Fallot.
- Risk factors for neonatal adrenal hemorrhage. Large babies. Obstetric trauma. Neonatal sepsis. Hypoxia.
- Sacrococcygeal teratoma Often large. May extend externally from region of coccyx. Usually deforms sacrococcyx. Frequently contains calcifications (tooth).
- Seventy percent of abdominal and pelvic masses in neonates originate in what organs? Genitourinary tract. Urinary masses: Hydronephrosis (UPJ and UVJ obstruction and reflux). Multicystic kidneys. Genital masses: Hydrometrocolpos. Ovarian cysts.
- Signs of increased pulmonary arterial flow include: Enlarged central vessels. Equalization of vessel size between upper and lower lungs on erect film.
- Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome Osteochondrosis of inferior patella at tendon insertion. Results from persistent traction at cartilaginous junction of developing inferior patella. Usually occurs preteen or teen-age boys. Similar to Osgood-Schlatter disease (occurs at developing tibial tuberosity at tendon insertion).
- Single large kidney causes Tumor. Renal vein thrombosis. Pyelonephritis. Abscess. Hematoma. Obstruction or reflux.
- Single small kidney causes Congenital hypoplastic kidney (renal artery stenosis). Postinfectious nephropathy. Reflux.
- Visceral situs inversus Reversed viscera. Stomach on right. Liver on left.
- Situs solitus Normal position of viscera.
- Sources of Diffusely Hazy or Reticular Lungs in the Neonate Decreased lung volumes: Poor inspiration. Hyaline membrane disease. Normal to increased lung volumes: Retained fluid. Aspiration (amniotic fluid/meconium). Pneumonia. Pulmonary edema. Pulmonary lymphangiectasia
- Sources of Multiple childhood Patchy Lung Opacities Infection: Staphylococcus. Mycoplasma. Fungal. Opportunistic organisms. Aspiration. Hydrocarbon ingestion. Near drowning. Immune-mediated pneumonitis. Milk allergy. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Pulmonary hemorrhage. Pulmonary edema
- Split pleural sign Enhancement of parietal and visceral pleura displaced by low-density fluid. Suggests empyema.
- Such high-output hydronephrosis is rare but may be seen with Bartter syndrome. Diabetes insipidus. Psychogenic water drinking.
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- Superior mesenteric vein and artery relative positions in intestinal malrotation. Normally superior mesenteric vein is right of artery. In malrotation vein is anterior or left of artery.
- Surfactant deficiency disease features Most common cause of respiratory distress in neonates. Most common in premature infants and term infants of diabetic mothers. Low lung volumes. Fine granular opacities. Air bronchograms extend to lung periphery.
- Surgical causes of abdominal pain in children? Incarcerated hernia. Intussusception. Appendicitis. Midgut volvulus.
- Swyer-James Syndrome Acquired hypoplastic lung following severe obliterative bronchiolitis. Air trapping causes little change in lung size on expiration (different from congenital hypoplastic lung).
- Tetralogy of Fallot High VSD. Pulmonary stenosis (usually infundibular. with or without valvular stenosis). Right ventricular hypertrophy. Aorta overrides VSD.
- Aortic arch frequently cannot be seen in a neonate. Its position must be inferred from the position of the Carina. Carina normally overlies the right pedicles with a left aorta arch.
- Initial examination to identify a bleeding Meckel diverticulum Technetium-99m-pertechnate scan
- Findings in VSD PA enlargement. Increased pulmonary vascularity. Cardiomegaly.
- Ideal location for tip of the umbilical venous catheter in the right atrium
- Length of the kidney should be no greater than ________ vertebral bodies. 4-4.5 vertebral bodies.
- Most common anomaly to cause diminished pulmonary vascularity and is most common cause of cyanotic congenital heart disease. Tetralogy of Fallot.
- Most common benign liver tumor encountered in infancy Hemangioendothelioma
- Common causes of cholelithiasis in children Sickle cell disease. Congenital obstructive anomalies of the biliary tract. Total parenteral nutrition. Furosemide treatment. Dehydration. Hemolytic anemia. Short gut syndrome.
- Common causes of pleural effusion in children Infection. Congestive heart failure (if unilateral. always on the right). Chronic renal disease.
- Most common causes of distal small bowel obstruction in the neonate Ileal atresia. Meconium ileus.
- Most common childhood malignant tumor of the small intestine. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- Most common childhood ovarian tumor Benign teratoma.
- Most common malignancies to involve the chest wall in children Ewing sarcoma. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (Askin tumor).
- Most common pancreatic pediatric endocrine tumor is Benign islet cell adenoma (insulinoma).
- Most common posterior mediastinal mass in a child Neurogenic tumor: Neuroblastoma. Ganglioneuroma. Neurofibroma.