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Kinderradiologie (Subject) / Alles (Lesson)
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- Heart shape in transposition of great vessels and tetralogy of Fallot TOGV: Narrow cardiac base. Egg on string. TOF: Boot shape.
- Pilon Fracture Medial malleolus. Distal tibia metaphysis. Tibia plafond extension
- Precursor to Wilms tumor Nephroblastomatosis (primitive rests of cells with tumor potential)
- Tillaux fracture Salter Harris III fracture of anterolateral tibia epiphysis. Seen in older children and adolescents. Distal physis fuses medial to lateral. Lateral distal tibia prone to avulsion injuries.
- Abdominal tumors associated with Beckwith- Wiedemann syndrome Wilms tumor. Hepatoblastoma. Adrenal cortical carcinoma
- Objective sign of active congestion. increased pulmonary blood flow. and over-circulation Diameter of right interlobar pulmonary artery (PA) is greater than trachea
- Acute hydrops of the gallbladder Markedly enlarged. tender gallbladder with a thin wall. Acute acalculous cholecystitis causes less gallbladder distention with wall thickening.
- Acyanotic Heart Disease With Increased Pulmonary Vascularity VSD. ASD. PDA
- Adrenal calcifications and associated disease? Adrenal neuroblastoma: Fine. punctate calcifications. Calcified adrenal hemorrhage: coarse calcifications
- Age group for intussusception? Peaks at age 2
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- Age group for Wilms tumor and neuroblastoma? Birth to 5 years
- Anterior mediastinal masses 4Ts and a C: Thyroid (ectopic thyroid is often mentioned. never seen. Terrible lymphadenopathy. Teratoma. Thymoma. Cystic hygroma
- ASD heart chamber changes RA and RV enlargement.
- Asplenia syndrome Bilateral right-sidedness: Absent spleen. Bilateral three-lobed lung. Bilateral superior vena cava.
- Pulmonary blood flow in tetralogy of fallot Decreased blood flow to left lung.
- Atrioventricular discordance LA connected to RV. RA connected to LV.
- Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome triad Macroglossia. Omphalocele. Visceromegaly.
- Bezoars may consist of Hair (trichobezoar). Milk products (lactobezoar). Vegetable material (phytobezoar). Cloth.
- Biliary atresia HIDA scan results? Liver uptake of radionuclide without bowel excretion. Gallbladder is not seen.
- Biliary atresia ultrasound findings Gallbladder is small or absent. Normal gallbladder in 20% of patients. Triangular echogenic atretic biliary plate measures greater than 4 mm along anterior wall of right portal vein.
- Bilious vomiting in infants aged 2 months to 2 years Midgut volvulus. Small bowel obstruction. Intussusception
- Bronchogenic cysts Lined with respiratory epithelium and filled with mucoid liquid. Occur in lung parenchyma or mediastinum. Subcarinal location is common. Some are connected to bronchial tree and are air filled.
- Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Damage to structurally immature lung by oxygen and positive pressure ventilation.
- Calcification in Wilms tumor and neuroblastoma? Neuroblastoma calcification is common. Wilms tumor calcification is uncommon.
- Causes of lobar collapse in children Common: Mucus plugging in postoperative and asthmatic patients. Uncommon: Extrinsic masses such as lymph nodes (tuberculosis. infections. or lymphoma) or bronchogenic cysts.
- Causes of Ascites in Older infants and children Liver disease. Nephrotic syndrome. Portal vein obstruction. Traumatic intestinal injury. Peritonitis. Hypoproteinemia. Pancreatitis. Ruptured abdominal cyst. Intestinal lymphangiectasia. GI ischemia. Bile duct perforation.
- Causes of Ascites in the newborn Hydrops fetalis. Chylous ascites. Urinary tract obstruction. Iatrogenic (line perforation). Intestinal perforation (necrotizing enterocolitis).
- Causes of childhood Focal Alveolar Consolidation Bacterial pneumonia: Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mycobacterium. Staphylococcus. Haemophilus influenzae. Nonbacterial infection: Tuberculosis. Actinomycosis. Pulmonary infarction. Pulmonary contusion.
- Causes of childhood Miliary Nodules Infection: Tuberculosis, Histoplasmosis, Viral. Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis. Metastatic disease.
- Acute and chronic causes of childhood Parahilar Peribronchial Opacity Acute (infection): Viral, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Pertussis. Chronic: Asthma, Cystic fibrosis, Immunologic deficiency disease, Chronic aspiration
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- Causes of Colonic Obstruction Meconium plug syndrome (small left colon). Hirschsprung disease. Functional megacolon. Ectopic (imperforate) anus. Colon atresia/stenosis. Inflammatory stricture. Volvulus. Trauma. Neoplasm.
- Causes of Duodenal Obstruction Atresia/stenosis/diaphragm. Annular pancreas. Duodenal band. Midgut volvulus. Hematoma. Neoplasm (duodenum. pancreas. liver). Peptic ulcer disease.
- Causes of Echogenic Renal Pyramids Normal neonate. Tamm-Horsfall proteinuria. Sickle-cell disease. Hypercalciuria. Renal tubular acidosis. Medullary sponge kidney. Hyperparathyroidism. Drugs (furosemide. steroids. vitamin D). Prolonged immobilization. Bartter syndrome. Williams syndrome. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Storage diseases. Glycogen-storage disease type 1A. Hurler mucopolysaccharidosis. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Oxalosis.
- Causes of Gastric Obstruction Atresia/antral diaphragm. Duplication cyst. Pylorospasm. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Gastritis/ulcer disease. Volvulus. Microgastria.
- Causes of more distal abdominal obstruction presenting in the newborn include Ileal and colonic atresia. Aganglionosis (Hirschsprungs disease).
- Causes of multiple Renal Cysts Multicystic dysplastic kidney. Polycystic kidney disease. Glomerulocystic disease. Medullary cystic disease (juvenile nephronophthisis). Tuberous sclerosis. Turner syndrome. von Hippel-Lindau disease. Zellweger syndrome. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Meckel-Gruber syndrome.
- Causes of Pediatric Esophageal Obstruction Congenital atresia/stenosis. Web/diverticulum. Foreign body. Stricture (peptic, caustic). Extrinsic compression (cysts, neoplasms, vascular). Achalasia.
- Causes of pediatric Unilateral Obstructive Emphysema Bronchial foreign body. Mucous plug. Congenital lobar emphysema. Bronchial stenosis/atresia. Tuberculosis. Vascular anomalies. Mediastinal masses.
- Causes of single Renal Cyst Simple cyst. Caliceal diverticulum. Abscess. Multilocular cystic nephroma.
- Causes of Small Intestinal Obstruction Atresia/stenosis. Meconium ileus. Incarcerated hernia. Intussusception. Perforated appendicitis. Regional enteritis. Posttraumatic hematoma/stricture.
- Causes of Unilateral Renal Enlargement Hydronephrosis. Duplication anomaly. Compensatory hypertrophy. Crossed fused ectopia. Multicystic dysplastic kidney. Renal abscess. Renal neoplasm. Renal vein thrombosis.
- Caustic esophagitis with stricture usually results from Alkaline substanceingestion: sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide (lye), alkaline disk batteries. Acids produce more superficial burns.
- Chest Wall Masses Malignant: Ewing sarcoma, Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (Askin tumor), Neuroblastoma, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma. Benign: Osteochondroma, Aneurysmal bone cyst, Mesenchymal hamartoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Fibrous dysplasia, Hemangioma, Lymphangioma, Teratoma, Abscess, Calcifying fibrous pseudotumor, Osteoid osteoma.
- Children with hemihypertrophy have a predilection for what tumors? Wilms tumor. Hepatoblastoma.
- Choledochal cysts Congenital malformations of intraor extrahepatic bile ducts. May present with jaundice, pain, right upper quadrant mass. Most common is type 1: fusiform or saccular dilation of common bile duct below the cystic duct.
- Findings of an anterior pneumothorax Increased lucency of hemithorax. Increased sharpness of mediastinal border.
- 2 forms of aorta coarctation Juxtaductal (adult) type lies at or just distal to the ductus arteriosus. Preductal (infantile, rare) form generally is a long-segment narrowing.
- Coarctation of aorta associated cardiac anomalies Bicuspid aortic valve. PDA. VSD.
- Common abdominal masses of 1 month to 2-year-olds? Wilms tumor. Neuroblastoma. Mass from intussusception.
- Common causes of bilateral lung hyperexpansion Asthma. Bronchiolitis. Cystic fibrosis.