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Com (Subject) / 4 (Lesson)
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- types of non-democracies authoritarian hybrid regimes
- types of non-democratic regimes 1. absolute rule 2. personal rule a) personal dicatators b) strong-man rulers/dictatorial presidency c) populist presidential monarchy 3. organizational rule a) praetorian model/military rule b) one-party rule/state c) theocracies 4. hybrid regimes
- absolute (ruling) monarchies -ruling monarches (as opposed to reigning monarchs) -swaziland, brunei, tonga, saudi arabia, uae, oman, qatar -Dynasties, rentier states (oil), colonial legacy
- personal rule personal rule is a distinctive type of political system in which the rivalries of powerful and willful men, rather than impersonal institutions, ideologies, public policies or class interests are fundamental in shaping political life.
- personal dictators/sultanism -use of public power and resources for private means -financial corruption, nepotism - "Papa Doc" Duvalier in Haiti, Saparmurat "Turkmenbashi" Niyazov in Turkmenistan, Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaire
- strong-man rulers/dictatorial presidency -typical third world institutionalization of power where dictators take the role of the president (for life) -Suharto in Indonesia, Augusto Pinochet in Chile, Afez-al-Assad in Syria, Fidel Castro in Cuba, Kim Il Sung in North Korea, Robert Mugabe in Zimbabwe
- Populist Presidential Monarchy -special type from latin america but gaining in popularity - elected president misappropriating power; often based on genuine popularity backed by populist or nationalist policies and propaganda - Getulio Vargas in Brazil, Alexander Lukashenka in Belarus, Alberto Fujimori in Peru, Hugo Chavez in Venezuela
- populism how to 1. special appeal to the marginalised sectors of the population (those belonging to the informal economy) 2. hold and anti-elite discourse 3. have status as "outsiders" 4. charisma
- praetorian model / military rule - oldest way to seize power to install non-democratic rule (Cromwell, Napoleon) - open or disguised, sustained or intermittent - Burma, Thailand, Pakistan, Egypt - Latin America in the 19th century and in the 1960s and 70s
- one-party rule/state -longest lasting dictatorships -communist/fascist/third world -UdSSr, China, Vietnam, Laos, PRI in Mexico
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- Theocracies Iran's Council of Guardians
- proliferation of concepts in the "grey zone" -"Partly-free" (Freedom House) - Anocracy (Polity IV) - Pseudodemocracies, semi-authoritarian - virtual democracies - transitional and consolidating democracies - electoral democracy - hybrig regimes - illiberal democracy - competitive authoritarianism
- Hybrid Regimes "regimes that are neither clearly democratic nor conventionally authoritarian"
- Barrieres between democracy and hybrid regimes hinge on: 1. freedom, fairness, inclusiveness and meaningfulness 2. degree of protection of civil liberties under the rule of law
- Problems with some of the democratic concepts - can mean different things - pro-democracy bias in concepts - whig version of progressive history - diverse cases - apples and oranges
- illiberal democracy "democratically elected regimes, often ones that have been reelected or reaffirmed through referends, are routinely ignoring constitutional limits on their power and depriving their citizens of basic rights and freedoms." Peru, Palestinian Authority, Slovakia, Pakistan, Philippines
- competitive authoritarianism In competitive authoritarian regimes formal democratic institutions are widely viewed as a principle means of observing and exercising political authority. Incumbents violate those rules so often... that the regime fails to meet conventional minimal standards for democracy." - Croatia: Tudjman - Serbia: Milosevic - Russia: Putin - Ukraine: Kravchuk & Kuchma - Peru: Fujimori
- apples - oranges diverse cases: El Salvador, Ukraine and Latvia are all hybrid regimes in the 1990s and all of them score 3 on Freedom House (partly free in political liberties and civil rights) - Latvia: absence of citizenship for people of Russian descent - El Salvador: human rights violations, little control over the military - Ukraine: had both things above, the violations of civil liberties and electoral manipulations