ISL1 (Subject) / Phonology II (Lesson)

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• Organs of speech (13) lower lip teeth upper lip alveolar ridge = Kieferkamm nasal cavity = Nasenhöhle hard palate = Vordergaumen velum/soft palate = Gaumensegel uvula = Zäpfen glottis = Stimmritze vocal cords = Stimmbänder larynx = Kehlkopf trachea/windpippe = Luftröhre tongue    
• Description & Classification of speech sounds nothing
• Vowels This category of sounds is normally made with: a voiced egressive airstream without any closure or narrowing the escape of the air is charateristically accomplished in an unimpeded way over the middle line of the tongue movable organs mainly responsible for shaping these resonators are: soft palate lips tongue
• Vowels: a description of vowel-like sounds must therefor note: The position of the soft palate (raised) The kind of aperture (Öffnung) formed by the lips (degrees of spreading (=spitz) or rounding) The part of the tongue which is raised highest The degree of raising
• Cardinal Vowels Devised by Daniel Jones Know as teh cardinal Vowel system Physiological basis The complete series includes 16 cardinal vowels values Quite a useful scale: the vowel qualities are unrelated to particular values in languages, though they may occur in various languages the set is recorded constant references to a standart, invariable scale
• Articulatory classification of vowels Scheme a scheme is represented by the vowel diagram on the cart of the IPA
• Consonants In the case of consonantal articulation, a description must provide answerd to the following questions: Is the airstream set in motion by some other means? (pulmonic or non-pulmonic) Is the airstream forced outwards or sucked inwards? (egressive or ingressive) Do the soft palate raised, directing the airstream wholly through the mouth, or lowered allowing the passage of air through the nose? (oral, or nasal or nasalized) At what point or points and between what organs does clouse or narrowing take place? (place of articulation) What is the type of closure or narrowing at the point of articulation? (manner of articulation)  
• Consonants Example /e/ -> word: easy In the case of this sound, occurring medially in the word esay, the following answers would be given: pulmonic egressive (syn. resultative/finitive/konklusive/resultative) voiced oral tongue blade (zungenblatt) - alveolar ridge (Kieferkamm) fricative These answers provide (kurz) a concise phonetic label for the sound.
• Voicing (stimmhaft) At any place of articulation, a consonantal articulation may involve the vibration of the vocal folds, i.e.(id est = d.h.) may be voiced or voicless.
• Consonants Place of articulation The chief (Haupt-) points of articualtion for English consonats ... are the following: Bilabial: the two lips are the primary articulation, e.g. /b/ Labiodental: the lower lip articulates with the upper teeth e.g. /f/  

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